Composition And Yield Of Musca Domestica Larvae Raised From Three Different Animal Manures
ABSTRACT
The use of housefly larvae as fish and animal feed is
becoming prevalent in Nigeria and globally. Despite the possibility of
differing maggot production capacities among them, no distinction is made
between the origins of the manures used in the culture of housefly larvae. Musca
domestica were therefore cultured in chicken broiler, chicken layer, and
pig dungs. Maggot yield, heavy metals and nutrient dynamics in fresh and used
dungs were studied. The heavy metals examined were Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr),
Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Selenium (Se), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium
(K). Periodic maggot yield was significantly different among the manures
(p<0.0001). Maggot yield was significantly affected by manure type
(p<0.0001), and was significantly higher in chicken layer manure, followed
by chicken broiler manure, and least in pig manure (p<0.05). The
concentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, N, P, K was significantly higher in raw manure
samples compared to used manure (p<0.001) across the three treatments. Se
was not detected in the samples across the three treatments. Surprisingly,
significantly higher maggot yield was observed at higher total heavy metal
concentrations. However, maggot yield showed a significantly negative
correlation with total Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (NPK).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgements v
Table
of Contents vi
List of Tables viii
List of
Figures ix
List of
Plates x
Abstract xi
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION
1.1.1
Waste
materials used in aquaculture 3
1.1.2 The chemical composition of
chicken manure 3
1.1.3 Nutrient
content of swine manure 5
1.1.4 Benefits and potentials of
utilising insects as an alternative protein source 5
1.2 Statement of Problems 6
1.3 Justification of the Study 6
1.4 Aim and
Objectives 7
1.4.1 Specific objectives 7
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Livestock
Farming and Feed Production 8
2.2 Use of Maggots
in Animal Production and Aquaculture 8
2.2.1 Life cycle of housefly 10
2.3 Nutrient Composition of Maggots 12
2.4
Utilisation of
Maggot Meal in Fish Diets 14
2.5
Factors Affecting Maggot Production 15
2.6
Heavy Metal
Content in Animal Manure 16
2.7
Sources of Heavy
Metal Exposure to Humans 18
2.7.1
Sources of specific heavy metals 18
2.7.1.1 Lead 18
2.7.1.2 Cadmium 19
2.7.1.3 Chromium 19
2.7.1.4 Copper 20
2.8
Routes of
Exposure, Bio-Uptake and Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals
in Humans 20
2.9
Animal Husbandry in Aquaculture 21
2.10 Classification
of Nutrients in Poultry 24
2.11 Classification
of Nutrients in Piggery 26
CHAPTER
3: MATERIALS
AND METHODS
3.2
Construction of
Wooden Culture Boxes 28
3.4 Production
of
Maggot 32
3.5
Conversion of
Swine, Broiler and Layer Manure by Maggots 32
3.6.1 Digestion procedure 32
3.6.2 Atomic absorption
spectrophotometer (AAS) Procedure 33
3.6.3
Preparation of STANDARDS for AAS Calibration 34
CHAPTER 4:
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Results 36
4.2
Discussion 44
4.2.1
Capacity
of maggot production 44
4.2.2 Heavy metal
and NPK in manure 46
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES 51
LIST
OF TABLES
Table Page
No.
4.1: Weight of
maggot production (g) 36
4.2: Levels
of total heavy metals in manure samples (mg/l) in fresh and
used
pig, broiler and layers in raising M.
domestica larvae for five-day 40
4.3: Levels
of NPK in manure samples (mg/kg) in fresh and used pig, broiler and layers in raising M. domestica larvae for five days 42
4.4: Levels of NPK in manure samples (mg/kg) in
fresh and used pig, broiler
and layers in raising M. domestica larvae per variable
/element for
five days 43
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
No.
3.1: Map showing area of the study 27
4.1: Concentration of heavy metals (cadmium, chromium,
copper,
and lead) (mg.kg-1)
in chicken layer manure, before and after
the culture of Musca
domestica larvae 37
4.2: Concentration of heavy metals
(cadmium, chromium, copper,
and lead) (mg.kg-1)
in chicken Broiler manure, before and
after the culture of Musca domestica larvae 38
4.3: Concentration of heavy metals (cadmium, chromium,
copper,
and lead) (mg.kg-1) in
pig manure, before and after the culture
of Musca domestica larvae 39
4.4: Variation
in Treatment 3 with respect to maggot yield and total
heavy
metal 41
LIST OF PLATES
Plate Page
No.
1: Maggot production box 29
2: A pan for maggot
production 31
0.0
CHIBUENYIM, V (2023). Composition And Yield Of Musca Domestica Larvae Raised From Three Different Animal Manures. Repository.mouau.edu.ng: Retrieved May 06, 2024, from https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/composition-and-yield-of-musca-domestica-larvae-raised-from-three-different-animal-manures-7-2
VIDIAN, CHIBUENYIM. "Composition And Yield Of Musca Domestica Larvae Raised From Three Different Animal Manures" Repository.mouau.edu.ng. Repository.mouau.edu.ng, 20 Jul. 2023, https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/composition-and-yield-of-musca-domestica-larvae-raised-from-three-different-animal-manures-7-2. Accessed 06 May. 2024.
VIDIAN, CHIBUENYIM. "Composition And Yield Of Musca Domestica Larvae Raised From Three Different Animal Manures". Repository.mouau.edu.ng, Repository.mouau.edu.ng, 20 Jul. 2023. Web. 06 May. 2024. < https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/composition-and-yield-of-musca-domestica-larvae-raised-from-three-different-animal-manures-7-2 >.
VIDIAN, CHIBUENYIM. "Composition And Yield Of Musca Domestica Larvae Raised From Three Different Animal Manures" Repository.mouau.edu.ng (2023). Accessed 06 May. 2024. https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/composition-and-yield-of-musca-domestica-larvae-raised-from-three-different-animal-manures-7-2