Urinary Tract Infection In Pregnant Women And Their Antibiotic Susceptibilty

ABSTRACT

A total of 200 clean midstream urine samples were collected and a general urine microscopic examination and culture were carried out, Susceptibility testing panels of the following antibiotics: Gentamycin, tetracycline amikacin, ampicillin, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, cotrimaxasole and cefaloxine were tested against the isolated organisms using disc diffusion method. The bacteriologic agents of UTI isolated from the patients showed that Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated organism (50.0%) and it is followed by Staphylococcus aureus (17.3%), Proteus mirabilis (5.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.7%) and Enterococcus faecalis (1.8%). The distribution of UTI among the ages of the antenatal patients showed that age group within the range of 27-32 years recorded the highest incidence of UTI,

whereas those of them above 39 years showed the least incidence. Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin and Erythromycin were the most active antibiotics, while the isolates were highly resistant to cotrimoxasole, cefaloxine and nalidixic acid. Urinary tract infection is a major health problem among pregnant women. Urinalysis with culture and sensitivity test is the major diagnostic measure, while health education with regular antenatal and personal hygiene is recommended as precautionary measures to UTI.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ﾿ i

Certification ﾿ ii

Dedication ﾿ iii

Acknowledgements ﾿ iv

Table of Contents ﾿ v

Lists of Tables ﾿ viii

Abstract ﾿ ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction  ﾿ 1

1.1 Factors that predispose an individual to UTI include    ﾿ 2

1.2 Aim and Objectives ﾿ 5

1.3 Objectives  ﾿ 5

CHAPTER TWO

2.0  Literature Review ﾿ 6

2.1 Risk factors of UTI    ﾿ 7

2.2 Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection  ﾿ 9

2.3 Causative Organisms  ﾿ 10

2.3.1  Bacterial UTI ﾿ 10

2.3.2 Fungal and Viral UTI  ﾿ 11

2.4 Modes of Bacterial Entry  ﾿ 12

2.4.1 The ascending route  ﾿ 12

2.4.2 Hematogenous route  ﾿ 12

2.5 Pathogenesis of Urinary Tract Infection  ﾿ 12

2.6 Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection ﾿ 13

2.6.1Urinalysis ﾿ 14

2.7 Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection  ﾿ 15

2.7.1 Antibiotics Used In the Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection Include ﾿ 17

CHAPTER THREE

3.0  Materials and Methods  ﾿ 19

3.1 Sample Collection  ﾿ 19

3.2 Media To Be Used And It’s Preparation ﾿ 19

3.3 Sterilization ﾿ 20

3.4 Enumeration of Bacteria From Urine Samples ﾿ 20

3.5 Identification and Characterization Of Isolates ﾿ 20

 3.5.1 Gram Staining ﾿ 21

3.5.3 Motility Test ﾿ 21

3.6 ﾿ Biochemical Cultural Characteristics ﾿ 22

3.6.1 Catalase test ﾿ 22

3.6.2 Coagulase Test ﾿ 22

3.6.3 Citrate Test ﾿ 22

3.6.4 Indole Test ﾿ 23

3.6.5  Triple Sugar Iron Test ﾿ 23

3.6.6 Oxidase Test ﾿ 24

3.6.7 Urease Test ﾿ 24

3.7 Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing  ﾿ 24

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0  Results ﾿ 25 ﾿

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0  ﾿ Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation ﾿ 30

5.1 ﾿ Discussion ﾿ 30

5.2 ﾿ Conclusion ﾿ 33

5.3 ﾿ Recommendation ﾿ 33 ﾿

References ﾿