Prevalence And Antibiogram Of Isolates From Lower Respiratory Tract Infection In Umuahia, Abia State

ABSTRACT 

The prevalence and antibiogram of isolates from Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTI) was investigated in Umuahia metropolis. A total of 35 patients presenting with LRTI defined by a new or increasing cough, productive sputum, chest pain, fever, anorexia, haemoptysis, headache and throat ache were enrolled with their consent. The sputum specimen was cultured on the appropriate bacteriological media. Bacterial isolates were identified by standard laboratory and biochemical methods. Lower respiratory tract infection was found to be prevalent in 16 (46.0%) cases. Males 8 (53.3%) were found to be infected while females 7 (46.67%). Lower respiratory tract infection was found to be most prevalent in age group 41 – 60 years 7 (46.67%). Escherichia coli, was identified as the most frequently bacterial isolate 7(44.0%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae 4(43.75%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 2(12.5%), Proteus spp 2(12.5%) and Moraxella catarrhalis 1(6.25%). Using Agar disk diffusion method with McFarland turbidity standard, the overall antibiotic sensitivity test of the isolates showed ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and streptomycin as the most potent antibiotic against Gram–positive and Gram–negative isolates. High resistance was recorded for septrin, cephalexin, amoxycillin-clavulanic acid - 100% in each case. This study recorded a low percentage of sensitivity to the antibiotic agents tested.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title ﾿             ﾿ i 

Certification ﾿             ﾿ ii 

Dedication ﾿             ﾿ iii 

Acknowledgement ﾿               ﾿ iv 

Table of content ﾿                 v-viii 

List of table ﾿           ix 

Abstract ﾿            x 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION ﾿ 1 ﾿

1.1   Aim of the Study ﾿ 3 ﾿  

1.2 Objectives ﾿ 3 ﾿

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ﾿ 4 ﾿  

2.1 Bronchitis ﾿ 4 ﾿  

2.2 Types of Bronchitis ﾿ 5 ﾿  

2.2.1 Acute Bronchitis ﾿ 5 ﾿  

2.2.2 Epidemiology of Acute Bronchitis ﾿ 6 ﾿  

2.2.3 Etiology of Acute Bronchitis ﾿ 6

2.2.4 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Bronchitis ﾿ 6

2.2.5 Physical Examination and Diagnosis of Acute Bronchitis ﾿ 7

2.2.6 Prevention of acute Bronchitis ﾿ 8

2.2.7 Antibiotics for acute Bronchitis ﾿ 8

2.2.8 Smoking Cessation ﾿ 9

2.3 Chronic Bronchitis ﾿ 9

2.3.0 Etiology of Chronic Bronchitis ﾿ 10

2.3.1 Epidemiology of Chronic Bronchitis ﾿ 10

2.3.2 Symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis ﾿ 13

2.3.3 Risk Factors ﾿ 13

2.3.4 Effect of Chronic Bronchitis on Outcomes ﾿ 13

2.3.4.0 Lung Function Decline ﾿ 13 ﾿

2.3.4.1 Mortality ﾿ 14 ﾿

2.3.5 Diagnosis ﾿ 14

2.3.6 Treatment ﾿ 15

2.3.6.0 Smoking Cessation ﾿ 15

2.3.6.1 Physical Measures ﾿ 16

2.3.6.2 Expectorants and Mucolytics ﾿ 16

2.3.6.3 Glucocorticoids ﾿ 17

2.3.6.4 Antibiotics ﾿ 17

2.3.7   Prevention and Control ﾿ 18

CHAPTER THREE 

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS ﾿ 19

3.1 Sampling and Sample Collection ﾿ 19 

3.2 Data Collection ﾿ 19 ﾿  

3.3 Laboratory Procedures (Sample Processing) ﾿ 19

3.3.1 Sample Handling ﾿ 19

3.3.2 Microbiological Analysis of Samples ﾿ 20 ﾿  

3.3.3 Microscopy ﾿ 20 

3.4 Procedures for Preparing Of Media for Culturing ﾿ 20 

3.4.1 Procedure for Culturing With Blood Agar ﾿ 20

3.4.2 Procedures for Culturing With Chocolate Agar ﾿ 21

3.4.3 Procedures for Culturing With MacConkey Agar ﾿ 21

3.5 Gram Staining ﾿ 21 ﾿  

3.6 Biochemical Test ﾿ 22

3.6.1 Catalase ﾿ 22

3.6.2 Oxidase ﾿ 22 

3.6.3 Fermentation of Carbohydrate ﾿ 23 

3.6.4 Coagulase Test ﾿ 23 

3.6.5 Motility Test ﾿ 23 

3.6.6 Indole Test ﾿ 24 

3.6.7 Triple Sugar Iron (Tsia) Test ﾿ 24

3.6.8 Urease Test ﾿ 25 

3.7 Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing ﾿ 25 

3.8 Data Analysis ﾿ 26 ﾿  

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULT ﾿ 27

            CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ﾿ 34 

5.1 Discussion ﾿ 34

5.2 Conclusion ﾿ 37

5.3 Recommendation ﾿ 37

     References 

      Appendix