Microbiological Fermentation For Cyanide Reduction In Cassava Tubers
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ABSTRACT
The white and yellow varieties of the cassava (manihot esculenta) tubers were subjected to a four days fermentation and studied for cyanide content and microorganisms involved in their fermentation process. The microorganisms isolated during the fermentation process include: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp, Enterobacter spp, Aspergillus spp, Candida spp, and Saccharomyces spp. The physiochemical and the proximate analysis of the cassava roots were carried out. During the fermentation there was reduction in the cyanide content from (9.24±0.01 to 2.93±0.02)mg/100g in yellow cassava and (9.85±0.03 to3.15±0.04)mg/100g in white cassava, indicating that fermentation reduces the cyanide content of cassava. There was a decrease in the pH from (6.20 to 3.38) in yellow cassava and (6.40 to 3.14) and increase in the titratable acidity from(0.02% to 0.06%) in yellow cassava and (0.03% to 0.07%) in white cassava during fermentation indicating that the fermentation took place in an acid medium as a result of the predominance of Lactobacillus spp. The proximate analysis showed that there was significant increase in the protein from (0.72 to 1.86) in yellow cassava and (0.56 to 1.83) in white cassava. There was also a significant increase in moisture content from (69.42±0.01 to 72.42±0.01) in yellow cassava and (67.65±0.01 to70.24±0.01) in white cassava and the fiber content of the cassava roots while there was a decrease in the ash and carbohydrate content of the cassava from (27.90±0.01 to 21.43±0.01) in yellow cassava and (28.40±0.00 to 23.61±0.01) in white cassava. It is obvious that from the findings that microorganisms are involved in cassava fermentation and the cyanide content of the cassava can be considerably reduced by the process of fermentation thereby making the food safe for consumption.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page ﾿ i
Certification ﾿ ii
Dedication ﾿ iii
Acknowledgement ﾿ iv
Table of contents ﾿ v
List of tables ﾿ vi
Abstract ﾿ vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 ﾿ Introduction ﾿ 1
1.2 Objective of study ﾿ 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review ﾿ 4
2.1 Cassava ﾿ 4
2.2 Description of cassava ﾿ 4
2.3 Botany and cultivation ﾿ 5
2.4 Nutritional status of cassava 5
2.5 Anti nutritional components of cassava ﾿ 5
2.6 Composition of cassava 6
2.7 Cassava spoilage 6
2.8 Cassava and cyanide 7
2.9 Cyanide ﾿ 8
2.10 Cassava processing 9
2.10.1 Why is cassava processed ﾿ 9
2.10.2 Effects of cassava processing on cyanide level ﾿ 10
2.10.2.1 Peeling ﾿ 10
2.10.2.2 Grating ﾿ 10
2.10.2.3 Soaking ﾿ 10
2.10.2.4 Boiling and cooking ﾿ 11
2.10.2.5 Drying ﾿ 11
2.11 ﾿ Cassava products ﾿ 11
2.11.1 Gari ﾿ 12
2.11.2 Lafun ﾿ 12
2.11.3 Fufu ﾿ 12
2.11.4 Abacha ﾿ 13
2.11.5 Tapioca ﾿ 13
2.12 Toxic effects from cassava cyanogens ﾿ 13
2.13 Reduction of cyanide in cassava ﾿ 14
2.14 Fermentation ﾿ 14
2.14.1 Microorganisms involved in cassava fermentation ﾿ 16
2.14.2 Role and function of fermentation on cassava food ﾿ 17
2.14.2.1 Aroma and flavor change ﾿ 17
2.14.2.2 Cassava fermented food preservation ﾿ 18
2.14.2.3 Anti nutrient decrease in cassava fermented food ﾿ 18
2.14.2 Cyanide reduction in cassava fermented food ﾿ 19
CHAPTER 3
3.0 Materials and Method ﾿ 20
3.1 Collection of samples ﾿ 20
3.2 Preparation of sample for fermentation ﾿ 20
3.3 Cyanide determination ﾿ 20
3.4 Microbiological analysis of sample ﾿ 21
3.4.1 ﾿ Media used and their preparation ﾿ 21
3.4.2 Serial dilution ﾿ 21
3.4.3 Inoculation ﾿ 21
3.4.5 Total viable count ﾿ 22
3.4.5 Gram stain ﾿ 22 ﾿
3.4.6 Biochemical test ﾿ 23
3.4.6. Catalase test ﾿ 23
3.4.6.2 Coagulase test ﾿ 23
3.4.6.3 Citrate utilization test ﾿ 23
3.4.6.4 Methyl red test/VP ﾿ 24
3.4.6.5 Oxidase test ﾿ 24
3.5 Proximate analysis of cassava ﾿ 24
3.5.1 Moisture content determination ﾿ 24
3.5.2 Ash content determination ﾿ 25
3.5.3 Fat content determination ﾿ 26
3.5.4 ﾿ Carbohydrate determination ﾿ 26
3.5.5 Protein determination ﾿ 27
3.6 Determination of titratable acidity ﾿ 28
3.7 Determination of pH ﾿ 28
3.8 ﾿ Preparation of fufu ﾿ 29
3.9 ﾿ pH determination of the fufu sample ﾿ 29
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Results ﾿ 30
4.1 ﾿ Microbial counts ﾿ 30
4.2 Occurrence of microorganisms during fermentation ﾿ 30
4.3 Physiochemical composition ﾿ 30
4.4 Proximate composition ﾿ 31
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 ﾿ Discussion ﾿ ﾿ 41
5.2 ﾿ Conclusion ﾿ 46
5.3 ﾿ Recommendation ﾿ 46
References ﾿
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APA
JOY, U. C. (2021). Microbiological Fermentation For Cyanide Reduction In Cassava Tubers. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture. Retrieved June 8, 2026, from http://repository.mouau.edu.ng/works/microbiological-fermentation-for-cyanide-reduction-in-cassava-tubers-7-2
MLA
JOY, UGWU CHIDINMA. "Microbiological Fermentation For Cyanide Reduction In Cassava Tubers." Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, 2 Mar. 2021, http://repository.mouau.edu.ng/works/microbiological-fermentation-for-cyanide-reduction-in-cassava-tubers-7-2. Accessed June 8, 2026.
Chicago
JOY, UGWU CHIDINMA. "Microbiological Fermentation For Cyanide Reduction In Cassava Tubers." Michael Okpara University of Agriculture (2021). Accessed June 8, 2026. http://repository.mouau.edu.ng/works/microbiological-fermentation-for-cyanide-reduction-in-cassava-tubers-7-2