Microbiological And Physicochemical Characteristics On Dextrose Water (Infusion) Sold In Major Pharmacies In Umuahia

ABSTRACT

Microbiological and physicochemical analysis were carried out on 50% samples of different brands of dextrose water intravenous infusions sold in major Pharmacies in Umuahia. All samples were analysed within their expiry dates. The samples were categorized according to the percentage of dextrose in water. Forty-eight percent (48%) of the samples were contaminated with either bacteria or fungi. The fungi count ranged from 1 to 2.3 cmf/ml and the bacteria count ranged from 1 to 2 cmf/ml. Seven (7) viable microbial species were isolated; two gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus and Bacillus), one gram negative bacteria (Klebsiella), three filamentous fungi (Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium) and yeast-like fungi (Candida). Candida species had the highest occurrence in both 5% dextrose water and 10% dextrose water with 16% and 24% respectively while Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Fusarium and Penicillium had the lowest occurrence of 4%. Physicochemical analysis was conducted to determine the Ph, total solid (TS), turbidity, osmolarity and titratable analysis. It was further subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) which revealed no significant difference (P<0.05) among the different samples. However, there were significant differences among the values in the total solids in 5% dextrose water which ranged from 4.00±0.53 to 4.55±0.19 and in the osmolarity values of 10% dextrose water sample from different sources which ranged from 526.60±2.30 to 538.60±8.79 but it is slightly negligible. Microbial contaminants in a Pharmaceutical preparation may induce disease in the consumer without necessarily producing spoilage of the product. Therefore, its presence or the product is crucial.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page ﾿ i

Certification ﾿ ii

Dedication ﾿ iii

Acknowledgement ﾿ iv

Table of contents ﾿ v

List of tables ﾿ viii

Abstract ﾿ ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 ﾿ INTRODUCTION ﾿ 1 ﾿

1.1 ﾿ Aim and objectives ﾿ 4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 ﾿ LITERATURE REVIEW ﾿ 5

2.1 ﾿ Dextrose water Intravenous injections ﾿ 5

2.2 ﾿ Water for infusions ﾿ 7

2.3 ﾿ Microbiological contamination of infusion therapy ﾿ 8

2.4 ﾿ Causes of microbiological contamination of infusion therapy ﾿ 10

2.5 ﾿ Risks associated with microbiological contaminated infusions ﾿ 11

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 ﾿ MATERIALS AND METHOD ﾿ 15

3.1 ﾿ MATERIALS ﾿ 15

3.1.1 ﾿ Sample Collection ﾿ 15

3.1.2 ﾿ Media used and preparation ﾿ 15

3.2 ﾿ METHOD ﾿ 15

3.2.1 ﾿ Microbiological analysis ﾿ 15

3.2.2 ﾿ Isolation and   Identification of microbes ﾿ 16

3.2.3 ﾿ Characterisation of isolates ﾿ 16

3.2.3.1 ﾿ Characterisation of fungi isolates ﾿ 16

3.2.3.2 ﾿ Characterisation of Bacteria isolates ﾿ 17

3.2.3.2.1  Gram Staining ﾿ 17

3.2.3.2.2   Catalase test ﾿ 17

3.2.3.2.3   Citrate test ﾿ 18

3.2.3.2.4   Oxidase test ﾿ 18

3.2.3.2.5   Indole test ﾿ 18

3.2.3.2.6   Coagulase test ﾿ 18

3.2.3.2.7   Carbohydrate Fermentation ﾿ 19

3.2.4 ﾿      Determination of Occurrence ﾿ 19

3.2.5        Physicochemical analysis ﾿ 19

3.2.5.1 ﾿      Determination of Ph ﾿ 19

3.2.5.2 ﾿      Determination of turbidity ﾿ 20

3.2.5.3 ﾿      Determination of Titratable acidity ﾿ 20

3.2.5.4 ﾿      Determination of Total solid ﾿ 20

3.2.5.5 ﾿      Determination of osmolarity ﾿ 21

3.2.6 ﾿      Statistical analysis ﾿ 21

CHAPTER FOUR

 4.0 ﾿       RESULTS ﾿ 22

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ﾿ 37

5.1  Discussion ﾿ 37

5.2  Conclusion ﾿ 39

5.3  Recommendations ﾿ 40

REFERENCES ﾿ 41

APPENDIX