Bacteriological Evaluation Of Poultry Feed Sold In Umuahia, Abia State And The Antibiotics Sensitivity Profile Of The Isolates.

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to assess the bacteriological quality of poultry feed sold in umuahia, Abia State. A total of Eight (8) different types of Poultry feeds were obtained from two different commercial feed-manufacturing companies (Top feeds and Vita feeds) at Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria. 1g of each sample was serially diluted and was streaked on the plate and incubated for 24hrs at 370C. The mean bacterial count of the various poultry feeds showed that  Top feed ranged from 1.0 x 104 to 8.0 x 104 while Vita feeds ranged from 0.9 x 104 to 6.5 x 104. Six different bacterial species were isolated. These were E.coli, Bacillus species, Proteus species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella species and Staphylococcus aureus. The predominant organism was E.coli having 30.8% occurrence followed by Bacillus species 23.1% while Klebsiella species and Staphylococcus aureus have the least percentage occurrence of 7.7%. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolates showed the highest level of sensitivity to Rifampicin, Streptomycin and Levofloxacin but resistance to Amoxil, Ciproflox, Norfloxacin, Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, Gentamicin and Ampiclox. Hence, incooperation of antibiotics to poultry feeds and in the management program of poultry farming is recommended. Also, the hygienic production of poultry feed is of public health concern, therefore, the control of bacterial infections should be approached through cleanliness, disinfection and intensive supportive nursing care, proper treatment of feed ingredients and application of hygienic measures starting from harvesting of feed ingredients to storage, processing of feeds, packaging, transporting and eventual marketing of the bagged feeds.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ﾿ i

Certification ﾿ ii

Dedication ﾿ iii

Acknowledgements ﾿ iv

Table of Contents ﾿ v

Lists of Tables ﾿ vii

Abstract ﾿ viii

CHAPTER ONE 

1.0 Introduction ﾿ 1

1.2 Aim and Objectives    ﾿ 5

CHAPTER TWO 

2.0 Literature Review ﾿ 6

2.1 Sources Of Contamination  ﾿ 11

2.1.1 Ingredient Contamination    ﾿ 11

2.2. Storage (Temperature And Humidity) ﾿ 11

2.3 Handling And Transportation ﾿ 12

2.4 Bacteria Contamination Of Poultry Feeds ﾿ 12

2.5 Types Of Bacterial Contamination Of Poultry Feeds ﾿ 14

2.5.1 Salmonella Contamination Of Poultry Feed ﾿ 15

2.5.2 Escherichia coli ﾿ 16

2.5.3  Klebsiella species ﾿ 16

2.5.4  Proteus species ﾿ 17

2.5.5 Hafnia alvei ﾿ 17

2.5.6  Bacillus species ﾿ 17

2.5.7 Staphylococcus aureus  ﾿ 18

2.5.8 Streptococcus species ﾿ 18

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Materials and Methods ﾿ 19

3.1 Sample Collection ﾿ 19

3.2 Materials ﾿ 19

3.3 Media Used    ﾿ 19 

3.4 Reagents ﾿ 19

3.5 Preparation of Media    ﾿ 19

3.6 Microbiological Analysis  ﾿ 20

3.7 Isolation And Identification Of Bacterial Isolates  ﾿ 20

3.7.1 Cultural Characteristics  ﾿ 20

3.7.2 Gram Staining ﾿ 20

3.7.3 Motility Test ﾿ 21

3.7.4 Biochemical Tests ﾿ 21

3.7.4.1 Catalase Test ﾿ 21

3.7.4.2 Coagulase Test ﾿ 21`

3.7.4.3 Oxidase Test  ﾿ 22

3.7.4.4 Methyl Red Test ﾿ 23

3.7.4.5 Voges- Proskauer Test  ﾿ 23

3.7.4.6 Indole Test ﾿ 24

3.7.4.7 Citrate Utilization Test  ﾿ 24

3.7.4.8 Urease Test ﾿ 24

3.7.4.9 Triple Sugar Iron Agar Test ﾿ 24

3.8 Antibiotic Sensitivity ﾿ 25

CHAPTER FOUR 

  4.0 Results  ﾿ 26

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0       Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation ﾿ 31

5.1 ﾿ Discussion ﾿ 31

5.2 ﾿ Conclusion ﾿ 32

5.3 ﾿ Recommendations ﾿ 33

References ﾿