Antimicrobial And Phytochemical Screening Of Two Medicinal Plants (Sida Cordifolia And Stachytarpheta Cayennensis) Used In Eha-Amufu, Isi-Uzo L.G.A Of Enugu State

Abstract

The antibacteria and phytochemical screening of Sida cordifolia and Stachytarpheta cayennensis was conducted based on the report of medicinal uses of these plants among the people of Eha-Amufu in Isi-uzo L.G.A. of Enugu state. The anti-bacterial activity testing of the ethanol extracts of the leaves of the plants was done using the agar disc diffusion method to measure the diameter zone of inhibition and broth dilution assay to assess the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the plant extracts against susceptible organisms. Four test bacteria were used (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Echerichia coli ATCC 25922, Enterococcus faecalise 7080 and Salmonella typhi. The ethanol extract of Sida cordifolia  produced a diameter of zone of inhibition of 12.17 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, 10.50mm against Escherichia coli, 13.00mm against Enterococcus faecalis and 11.00mm against Salmonella typhi. While ethanol extract of Stachytarpheta cayennensis had no effect on both organisms. The phytochemical screening of these leaves Sida cordifolia and Stachytarpheta cayennensis showed that tannins, Saponins and flavonoids are present. This Research project validates the use of Sida cordifolia in herbal medicine.     

Title page

Certification ﾿ i

Dedication ﾿ ii

Acknowledgements ﾿ iii

Table of Contents ﾿ iv

List of Tables ﾿ vi

Abstract ﾿ vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION ﾿ 1

1.1 Aims and Objective ﾿ 2

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 ﾿ LITERATURE REVIEW ﾿ 4

2.1 ﾿ Sidacordifolia ﾿ 4

2.2 ﾿ Stachytarphetaceyennesis ﾿ 5

2.3 ﾿ Phytomedicine ﾿ 6

2.4 ﾿ Risk of Phytomedicine ﾿ 6

2.5 ﾿ Phytochemicals ﾿ 7

2.6 ﾿ Classes of Phytochemical ﾿ 7

2.6.1 ﾿ Alkaloids ﾿ 8

2.6.2 ﾿ Glycosides ﾿ 8

2.6.3 ﾿ Flavonoids ﾿ 9

2.6.4 ﾿ Phenolics ﾿ 9

2.6.5 ﾿ Saponins ﾿ 10

2.6.6 ﾿ Tannins ﾿ 11

2.6.7 ﾿ Terpenes ﾿ 11

2.6.8 ﾿ Anthraquinones ﾿ 11

2.7       Mechanism of action of Phytochemical ﾿ 12

2.8.0    Test organism ﾿ 13

2.8.1  Escherichia coli ﾿ 13

2.8.2    Staphylococcus aureus ﾿ 14

2.8.3    Salmonella typhi ﾿ 15

2.8.4    Enterococcus faecalis ﾿ 15

CHAPTER THREE

3.0       MATERIALS AND METHODS ﾿ 17

3.1       Plant Material ﾿ 17

3.1.1    Preparation of the plant leaves ﾿ 17

3.1.2    Leaves Extraction Procedure ﾿ 17

3.1.3    Ethanol Extraction Method ﾿ 18

3.1.4    Media ﾿ 18

3.1.5    Media used ﾿ 18

3.1.6    Preparation of Media ﾿ 18

3.1.7   Test organisms ﾿ 18

3.2      Preparation of stock solution of extract ﾿ 19

3.3      Reactivation of stock culture of test organisms                                                                    19

3.4      Antimicrobial testing ﾿ 20

3.5      Determination of MIC and MBC ﾿ 20

3.6      Phytochemical screening ﾿ 21

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS                                                                                          ﾿ 23

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0      DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ﾿ 27

5.1      Discussion ﾿ 27

5.2      Conclusion ﾿ 28

5.3     Recommendation ﾿ 29

References