Antibiogram Of Some Gram Negative Pathogens To Extracts Of Okpete (Costus Afar) And Isikara (Spondias Mombin)

ABSTRACT

The antibiogram of some Gram negative pathogens (Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Shigella Species) to extract of Costus afar (Okpete) and Spondias mombin (Isikara) was evaluated. Bacteria Species were isolated from two plants (E. coli, Salmonella and Shigella). The Muller Hinton agar, Salmonella Shigella agar, Eosin Methylene Blue agar was used for the antimicrobial activity tests. The isolates were characterized culturally, phytochemically and biochemically. These bacteria Species were tested for their susceptibility in the different extracts (Okpete and Isikara). The phytochemical screening of the plant extracts, showed that the alkaloid was highly present and the cyanogenic glycoside was slightly present. The Antibiogram of the bacteria pathogen, Salmonella had the highest inhibition recorded with ethanol extract of Spondias mombin (17.67mm ± 0.58) while the least inhibition was with water extract of Costus afar (9.67mm ± 0.58). The minimum inhibition concentration showed values of 50mg/ml to 200mg/ml with variations among the extracts activity and ethanol extracts having the lowest concentration that affected inhibition. From the concentration of the relative potency of extracts, ethanol exhibited the highest potency of extracts while water exhibited the least potency of extracts. It is recommended that the potentials of these two plants in terms of health benefits should be harnessed.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover page ﾿ i

Certification ﾿ ii

Dedication ﾿ iii

Acknowledgements ﾿ iv

Table of Contents ﾿ v

List of Tables ﾿ vii

Abstract ﾿ x

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction ﾿ 1

1.1 ﾿ Background of the Study ﾿ 1

1.2 ﾿ Aim and Objectives ﾿ 3

1.3 ﾿ Objective of the Study ﾿ 4

CHAPTER TWO

Review of Related Literature ﾿ 5

2.1 ﾿ Costus afer Ker Gawl (Zingiberaceae) ﾿ 5

2.2 ﾿ Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae) ﾿ 6

2.3 ﾿ Antibacterial Activity of Medicinal Plants ﾿ 7

2.4 ﾿ Antibiogram of Bacteria Species ﾿ 14

2.5 ﾿ Chemical Composition of the Stem Extract of Costus afer (Bush Cane ﾿ 17

2.6 ﾿ Chemical Composition of the Leaf Extract of Spondias mombin (Ichakara) ﾿ 21

2.7 ﾿ Prevalence of Microorganism ﾿ 23

2.8 ﾿ Isolation of Microorganism ﾿ 24

2.9 ﾿ Antibiotics Susceptibility of Microbial Contaminants ﾿ 26

CHAPTER THREE

Materials and Methods ﾿ 29

3.1 ﾿ Source of Materials ﾿ 29

3.2 ﾿ Sample and Media Preparations ﾿ 29.

3.2.1 ﾿ Preparation of Plant Samples ﾿ 29

3.2.2 ﾿ Media Preparation ﾿ 29

3.2.3 ﾿ Preparation of Plant Extracts ﾿ 30

3.3 ﾿ Confirmation of Gram Negative Pathogens ﾿ 30

3.4 ﾿ Qualitative Phytochemical Screenings ﾿ 31

3.4.1 ﾿ Test for Saponin ﾿ 31

3.4.2 ﾿ Test for Steroids  ﾿ 31

3.4.3 ﾿ Test for Flavonoids ﾿ 31

3.4.4 ﾿ Test for Tannin ﾿ 32

3.4.5 ﾿ Test for Cyanogenic Glycoside (HCN) ﾿ 32

3.4.6 ﾿ Test for Alkaloids ﾿ 32

3.4.7 ﾿ Test for Starch ﾿ 32

3.5 ﾿ Antimicrobial Sensitivity Test ﾿ 33

3.5.1 ﾿ Determination of Relative Potency of Plant Extracts ﾿ 33

3.6 ﾿ Determinations of Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) ﾿ 34

3.7 ﾿ Statistical Analysis ﾿ 34

CHAPER FOUR

Results ﾿ 35

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation ﾿ 43

5.1 ﾿ Discussion ﾿ 43

5.2 ﾿ Conclusion ﾿ 45

5.3 ﾿ Recommendation ﾿ 45

References ﾿ 46

Appendix