ABSTRACT

Salmonella species from the intestinal fluid of cows was screened for multidrug resistance. Out of 60 samples collected, 28(46.6%) were positive for Salmonella species while 32(53.4%) were negative. The Salmonella isolates were subjected to in vitro antibiotic susceptibility test using the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Sensitivity discs containing Ceftazidime (30µg), Cefuroxime, (30µg), Gentamicin (10µg), Cefixime (5µg), Ofloxacin (5µg), Augmentin (30µg), Nitrofurantoin (300µg) and Ciprofloxacin (5µg). Ofloxacin was found to be the most effective chemotherapeutic agent with 11(39.3%) sensitivity, while the highest resistance was recorded against Cefuroxime, Ceftazidime and Augmentin 28 (100%). Twenty five [(25)(89.3%)] were resistant to three or more classes of antibiotics (multidrug resistance). The result of this study shows that cow intestine is the reservoir of multidrug resistant Salmonella species which is public threat being an important cause of zoonotic and community-acquired infections.    

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgements iv

Table of contents v

List of tables vii

Abstracts    viii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Aims and Objectives 2

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review 3

2.1    Salmonella sp 3

2.1.1 Salmonellosis 4

2.2 Definition of Extended-Spectrum B-lactamases 7

2.3 First report of ESBL producing salmonella enteric isolates 9

2.4 Salmonella, E. coli /ESBLS in non-humans hosts 11

2.5 Epidemiology of ESBL-producing organisms 13

2.5.1 Global Epidemiology 13

2.6 Mechanism of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella 16

2.6.1 Aminoglycosides 16

2.6.2 Beta-lactams 17

2.6.3 Chloromphenicol 18

2.6.4 Quinolones 20

2.6.5 Tetracycline 21

2.6.6 Sulfonamide and trimethoprime 22

2.7 Antibiotic resistance Salmonella 23

2.8 Risk factors for colonization and infection with ESBL producers 24

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Materials and methods 26

3.1 Sample collection 26

3.2 Materials 26

3.3 Media used 26

3.3.1 Media preparation 26

3.4 characterization and identification of Salmonella isolates 27

3.4.1 Microscopic Features 27

3.5 Gram staining 27

3.6 Biochemical tests 28

3.6.1 Catalase test 28

3.6.4 Citrate test 28

3.6.5 Test for indole production 29

3.6.6 Voges-Proskauer (VP) reaction 29

3.6.7 Methyl Red test    29

3.6.8 Oxidase Test 30

3.7 Sugar fermentation 30

3.8 Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing 30

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Results 32

CHAPTER FIVE 

5.0 Discussion 38

5.1 Conclusion 39

5.2 Recommendation 39

References 

Appendix