ABSTRACT 

The prevalence and antibiogram of isolates from Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTI) was investigated in Umuahia metropolis. A total of 35 patients presenting with LRTI defined by a new or increasing cough, productive sputum, chest pain, fever, anorexia, haemoptysis, headache and throat ache were enrolled with their consent. The sputum specimen was cultured on the appropriate bacteriological media. Bacterial isolates were identified by standard laboratory and biochemical methods. Lower respiratory tract infection was found to be prevalent in 16 (46.0%) cases. Males 8 (53.3%) were found to be infected while females 7 (46.67%). Lower respiratory tract infection was found to be most prevalent in age group 41 – 60 years 7 (46.67%). Escherichia coli, was identified as the most frequently bacterial isolate 7(44.0%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae 4(43.75%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 2(12.5%), Proteus spp 2(12.5%) and Moraxella catarrhalis 1(6.25%). Using Agar disk diffusion method with McFarland turbidity standard, the overall antibiotic sensitivity test of the isolates showed ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and streptomycin as the most potent antibiotic against Gram–positive and Gram–negative isolates. High resistance was recorded for septrin, cephalexin, amoxycillin-clavulanic acid - 100% in each case. This study recorded a low percentage of sensitivity to the antibiotic agents tested.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title             i 

Certification             ii 

Dedication             iii 

Acknowledgement               iv 

Table of content                 v-viii 

List of table           ix 

Abstract            x 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION 1

1.1   Aim of the Study 3  

1.2 Objectives 3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 4  

2.1 Bronchitis 4  

2.2 Types of Bronchitis 5  

2.2.1 Acute Bronchitis 5  

2.2.2 Epidemiology of Acute Bronchitis 6  

2.2.3 Etiology of Acute Bronchitis 6

2.2.4 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Bronchitis 6

2.2.5 Physical Examination and Diagnosis of Acute Bronchitis 7

2.2.6 Prevention of acute Bronchitis 8

2.2.7 Antibiotics for acute Bronchitis 8

2.2.8 Smoking Cessation 9

2.3 Chronic Bronchitis 9

2.3.0 Etiology of Chronic Bronchitis 10

2.3.1 Epidemiology of Chronic Bronchitis 10

2.3.2 Symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis 13

2.3.3 Risk Factors 13

2.3.4 Effect of Chronic Bronchitis on Outcomes 13

2.3.4.0 Lung Function Decline 13

2.3.4.1 Mortality 14

2.3.5 Diagnosis 14

2.3.6 Treatment 15

2.3.6.0 Smoking Cessation 15

2.3.6.1 Physical Measures 16

2.3.6.2 Expectorants and Mucolytics 16

2.3.6.3 Glucocorticoids 17

2.3.6.4 Antibiotics 17

2.3.7   Prevention and Control 18

CHAPTER THREE 

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 19

3.1 Sampling and Sample Collection 19 

3.2 Data Collection 19  

3.3 Laboratory Procedures (Sample Processing) 19

3.3.1 Sample Handling 19

3.3.2 Microbiological Analysis of Samples 20  

3.3.3 Microscopy 20 

3.4 Procedures for Preparing Of Media for Culturing 20 

3.4.1 Procedure for Culturing With Blood Agar 20

3.4.2 Procedures for Culturing With Chocolate Agar 21

3.4.3 Procedures for Culturing With MacConkey Agar 21

3.5 Gram Staining 21  

3.6 Biochemical Test 22

3.6.1 Catalase 22

3.6.2 Oxidase 22 

3.6.3 Fermentation of Carbohydrate 23 

3.6.4 Coagulase Test 23 

3.6.5 Motility Test 23 

3.6.6 Indole Test 24 

3.6.7 Triple Sugar Iron (Tsia) Test 24

3.6.8 Urease Test 25 

3.7 Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing 25 

3.8 Data Analysis 26  

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULT 27

            CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 34 

5.1 Discussion 34

5.2 Conclusion 37

5.3 Recommendation 37

     References 

      Appendix