ABSTRACT

This research work was carried out to examine the physicochemical and phytochemical constituents of honey and Shea butter samples respectively and their antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The physicochemical screening of honey showed that the honey samples used have low water activity, low moisture content, low pH value below 4.0 and Ash while the phytochemical analysis of Shea butter revealed the presence of Saponnins, Tannins, Alkaloids, Steroid and Phenol. The organisms Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated and identified by standard microbiological procedures. The antibacterial screening protocol was carried out by disc diffusion method. The result obtained showed that the honey alone was able to give an inhibition zone that is up to 29mm and the Shea butter gave up to 26mm. The synergistic effect of honey and Shea butter showed higher inhibitory effect of 42mm at 100% concentration. The standard antibiotics; Ciprofloxacin and Streptomycin had the highest mean of 36mm. The synergism is hereby recommended for its high antibacterial properties for therapeutic purposes and can be used as an alternative medicine against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae infections. It may be even more conventional to use this natural means as it has very low antibiotic resistance compared to synthetic antibiotic.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Table of Content v

List of tables vi

Abstract x

CHAPTER ONE 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

 Aims and Objectives 2

CHAPTER TWO 3

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 3

2.1 Honey 4

2.1.1 Extraction 6

2.1.2 Local test for real honeys 6

2.1.3 Classification of honey 7

2.1.3.1 Crystallized honey 7

2.1.3.2 Pasteurized Honey 7

2.1.3.3 Raw honey 7

2.1.3.4 Ultrasonicated honey 7

2.1.4 Mode of action of some of the antibacterial substances in honey. 7

2.1.4.1 High osmotic pressure 8

2.1.4.2 Low water activity 8

2.1.4.3 Glucose oxidase enzyme 8

2.1.4.4 Low pH/ acidic environment 8

2.2 Medical Uses of Honey 8

2.2.1 Remedy for Diarrhea 8

2.2.2 Gastritis/gastric Ulcers 9

2.2.3 Wound healing 9

2.2.4 Treatment for arthritis: 9

2.2.5 For post-operative wound infection: 9

2.2.6 Adverse reaction of honey 10

2.3 Shea Butter Tree 10

2.3.1 Extraction of Essential Oil from Shea Kernel 11

2.3.2 Composition of Shea butter 12

2.3.3 Shea Butter Phenolics 12

2.3.4 Therapeutic uses of Shea Butter 12

2.3.5 General uses of shea butter             13

2.4 Antimicrobial Agent 13

2.5 Antimicrobial synergy 14

2.6 Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Resistance 15

 2.7 An overview of the test organisms 15

2.7.1 Staphylococcus aureus 15

2.7.2 Klebsiellapneumoniae 16

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 17

3.1 Collection of test samples 17

3.1.1 Collection of clinical samples 17

3.2 Physicochemical Analysis of Honey 17

3.2.1 Colour determination 17

3.2.2 PH determination 17

3.2.3 Moisture content 18

3.2.4 Ash content 18

3.2.5 Water activity 18

3.3 Phytochemical Analysis of  Shea Butter 18

3.3.1 Detection of alkaloids 18

3.3.2 Detection of flavonoids 19

3.3.3 Detection of saponins 19

3.3.4 Detection of tannins 19

3.3.5 Detection of phenol and polyphenol 19

3.3.6 Detection of steroids 19

3.4 Preparation of media 20

3.5 Isolation and identification of bacteria from upper respiratory tract 20

3.5.1 Gram staining 20

3.5.2 Indole Test  21

3.5.3 Catalase Test 21

3.5.4 Citrate test 21

3.5.5 Oxidase test 21

3.5.6 Coagulase test               

3.6 Antibacterial activity testing 22

3.6.1 Preparation of test samples 22

3.6.2 Sensitivity test 23

3.7 Synergistic antimicrobial assays 24

3.8 Determination of Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) 25

3.9 Determination of Minimum Bactericidal Concentration 25

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS 26

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DISCUSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 35

5.1 Discussion 35

5.2 Conclusion 37

5.3 Recommendation 37

REFERENCES 38

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Composition of honey 5

Table 2 Physico-chemical analysis of honey 28

Table 3 Phytochemical analysis of shea butter 29

Table 4 Identification of Staphylococcus   aureusand Klebsiella pneumonia 30

Table 5 Effects Of Honey And Shea Butter On Staphylococcus Aureus 31

Table 6 Antibiotics used on Staphylococcus aureus 32

Table 7 Effects Of Honey And Shea Butter On Klebsiella pneumonia 33

Table 8 Standard Antibiotics used on Klebsiella pneumoniae 34