ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is microbial deteriorations of paper, with the following objectives to isolate and identify the bacteria present on each paper sample, to isolate and identify the fungal growth present on each paper sample, to ascertain the percentage occurrence of the various microorganisms in the samples evaluated, to also determine some compounds and enzymes that get degraded as a result of the growth of microorganisms on paper. The samples were cultured on MacConkey agar, Nutrient agar and Sabouraud Dextrose agar. The results obtained from the microbial analysis of the total numbers of Heterotrophic count ranges from 3.6 x 105to 9.7× 105, total coliform plate count ranges from 3.3× 105 to 6.4× 105 and total  fungi plate count 2.0 × 105 to 5.1× 105 in the used  paper samples. While for unused paper samples has Total heterotrophic counts ranging from 4.1 × 105to 7.0× 105 total coliform plate count 5.1 × 105 to 6.4 × 105cfu/g and total fungi plate count 3.3× 105 to 5.6× 105 A total of 8 bacteria and fungi isolate which comprised of 5 different species bacteria which are Escherichia coli, bacillus sp, micrococcus sp, pseudomonas sp and klebsiella sp and 3 species of fungi which are Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Mucor alternaria. it was observed that bacteria isolates Escherichia coli, Micrococcus sp and Bacillus sp are the most frequently occurring isolates from deteriorated paper material sample used and unused with the percentage occurrence of (18.1%, 13.64% and 13.64%) and (25.0%, 12.5%, and 12.5%) respectively, while the lowest bacteria isolates were recorded in Klebsillaspp and Pseudomonas sp (9.09% and 9.09%) and Klebsiella sp for unused sample (6.25%). And for the fungi isolates Mucor alternaria and Aspergillus flavus were the most frequently occurring isolates from deteriorated paper sample with the percentage occurrence of (18.18% and 13.64%) respectively while the lowest of all is the Aspergillus niger which is (4.54%). The occurrence of fungi and bacteria on used and unused paper material suggests biological agent and chemical process that take place on these materials.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page i

Certification ii

Declaration iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgements v

Table of content vi

List of tables x    

List of figures xi

Abstract xii

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Types of Paper 

1.2.1 Some Paper Other Types Include

1.3 Uses of Paper

1.4 Factors of Deterioration of Paper

1.4.1 Environmental Factors: 

1.5 Aim and Objectives

1.5.1 Objectives

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Literature Review

2.2 Foxing: A Bio deterioration of Paper

2.3 Mechanisms Underlying Foxing Spot Formation

2.3.1 Foxing as A Consequence of Fungal Colonization of Paper

2.4 Methods for the Identification and Assessment of Foxing On Paper

2.4.1 Culturing

2.4.2 Visible and Ultra-Violet Light Examination

2.4.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectral Analysis

2.5 Biodeterioration Control and Sterilization Treatments for Paper

2.5.1 Freeze-Drying

2.5.2 Fumigation with Ethylene Oxide

2.6 Microorganism Involved in the Detoriation of Paper

2.6.1 Chaetomium Globosum

2.6.2 Geomyces Pannorum 

2.6.3 Davidiella Tassiana 

2.6.4 Basidiomycetes

2.7 The Use of Antifungals on Paper Based Collections

2.7.1 Chemical Methods 

2.7.1.1 Alcohols 

2.7.1.2 Ethanol 

2.7.1.3 Essential Oils 

2.7.1.4 Phenol Derivatives. 

2.7.2 Physical Methods 

2.7.2.1 Dehydration 

2.7.2.2 High Frequency Current 

2.7.2.3 Ultraviolet Radiation 

2.7.2.4 Temperature Extremes 

CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Material and Methods 

3.2 Sample Collection

3.3 Materials 

3.4 Isolation of Bacteria 

3.4.1 Test Paper-Based Materials

3.5 Isolation and Identification of Bacteria

3.5.1 Examination of the Total Number of Bacteria in Paper-Based Materials

3.6 1solation and Identification of Fungi

3.7 Determination of Fungal Load

3.8 Identification of Isolated Bacteria and Fungi

3.9 Microscopic Examination

3.9.1 Cultural Characteristics

3.9.2 Morphological Characteristics

3.10 Biochemical Characteristics

3.10.1 Motility Test

3.10.2 Catalase Test

3.10.3 Oxidase Test

3.10.4 Indole Production

3.10.5 Methyl Red Reaction

3.10.6 Vogesproskauer (Vp) Reaction

3.10.7 Citrate Utilization

3.11 Carbohydrate Fermentation

3.12 Statistical Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR  

4.1 Results

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation

5.2 Discussion

5.3 Conclusion 

5.4 Recommendations