ABSTRACT

Microbiological and physicochemical analysis were carried out on 50% samples of different brands of dextrose water intravenous infusions sold in major Pharmacies in Umuahia. All samples were analysed within their expiry dates. The samples were categorized according to the percentage of dextrose in water. Forty-eight percent (48%) of the samples were contaminated with either bacteria or fungi. The fungi count ranged from 1 to 2.3 cmf/ml and the bacteria count ranged from 1 to 2 cmf/ml. Seven (7) viable microbial species were isolated; two gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus and Bacillus), one gram negative bacteria (Klebsiella), three filamentous fungi (Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium) and yeast-like fungi (Candida). Candida species had the highest occurrence in both 5% dextrose water and 10% dextrose water with 16% and 24% respectively while Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Fusarium and Penicillium had the lowest occurrence of 4%. Physicochemical analysis was conducted to determine the Ph, total solid (TS), turbidity, osmolarity and titratable analysis. It was further subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) which revealed no significant difference (P<0.05) among the different samples. However, there were significant differences among the values in the total solids in 5% dextrose water which ranged from 4.00±0.53 to 4.55±0.19 and in the osmolarity values of 10% dextrose water sample from different sources which ranged from 526.60±2.30 to 538.60±8.79 but it is slightly negligible. Microbial contaminants in a Pharmaceutical preparation may induce disease in the consumer without necessarily producing spoilage of the product. Therefore, its presence or the product is crucial.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Table of contents v

List of tables viii

Abstract ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Aim and objectives 4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 Dextrose water Intravenous injections 5

2.2 Water for infusions 7

2.3 Microbiological contamination of infusion therapy 8

2.4 Causes of microbiological contamination of infusion therapy 10

2.5 Risks associated with microbiological contaminated infusions 11

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD 15

3.1 MATERIALS 15

3.1.1 Sample Collection 15

3.1.2 Media used and preparation 15

3.2 METHOD 15

3.2.1 Microbiological analysis 15

3.2.2 Isolation and   Identification of microbes 16

3.2.3 Characterisation of isolates 16

3.2.3.1 Characterisation of fungi isolates 16

3.2.3.2 Characterisation of Bacteria isolates 17

3.2.3.2.1  Gram Staining 17

3.2.3.2.2   Catalase test 17

3.2.3.2.3   Citrate test 18

3.2.3.2.4   Oxidase test 18

3.2.3.2.5   Indole test 18

3.2.3.2.6   Coagulase test 18

3.2.3.2.7   Carbohydrate Fermentation 19

3.2.4      Determination of Occurrence 19

3.2.5        Physicochemical analysis 19

3.2.5.1      Determination of Ph 19

3.2.5.2      Determination of turbidity 20

3.2.5.3      Determination of Titratable acidity 20

3.2.5.4      Determination of Total solid 20

3.2.5.5      Determination of osmolarity 21

3.2.6      Statistical analysis 21

CHAPTER FOUR

 4.0       RESULTS 22

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 37

5.1  Discussion 37

5.2  Conclusion 39

5.3  Recommendations 40

REFERENCES 41

APPENDIX