ABSTRACT

This study investigated the compositional, utilization of cow, goat and pig femoral bone ash blends as potential nutrient fortificant. Cow bone or femur, pig femur bone and goat femur bone were procured from Ubakala slaughter house, Umuariaga, Umudike road market and Nudume goat market respectively, all in Umuahia, Abia state. The femoral bones were cleaned before undergoing incineration and muffle furnace treatment to yield ash. The mineral analysis of the bone ash focused on macro minerals like calcium, phosphorus, potassium magnesium and sodium and micro mineral elements including iron, zinc, and copper. Results indicated that calcium and phosphorus were predominant, with calcium constituting over 50% of the mineral profile, essential for bone health. Trace minerals varied across species, with notable levels of zinc and magnesium, which support immune function and enzymatic processes. Heavy metal analysis confirmed the presence of lead and nickel at safe levels, though further refining may enhance purity. Goat bone ash presented a balanced mineral profile, while cow and pig bone ashes were comparatively higher in calcium and phosphorus, respectively. Conclusively, femoral bone ash from these animal sources offers a promising, sustainable source of bioavailable minerals for food fortification, particularly valuable in regions facing mineral deficiencies. Further studies are recommended to optimize processing conditions and assess sensory acceptance for commercial use.