ABSTRACT

The in vitro antimicrobial activity of three groups of antibiotics was evaluated against clinical isolates of E.coli. The groups comprised aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones and the cephalosoprins. The E.coli one hundred (100) in number were isolated from urine, stool, high vaginal swab (HVS), ear swab and wound swab collected from different health care facilities in Umuahia Metropolis. The test was carried out by disc diffusion technique. E.coli from high vagina swab showed 84% susceptibility to streptomycin, 78% to gentamycin, 63% sensitivity to ciprofloxacin and 58% to ofloxacin, it was 68% resistant to ceftriaxone and 58% resistant to cefixime. E.coli from urine showed 84% sensitivity to streptomycin, 58% sensitivity to gentamycin and was 75% ,65%, 58% and 69% resistant to ceftriaxone, cefixime, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin respectively. E.coli from ear swab was 86%, 71%, 64% sensitive to streptomycin, gentamycin and ciprofloxacin respectively and was 64%, 71% and 50% resistant to ceftriaxone, cefixime and ofloxacin respectively. In stool culture it was 83% sensitive to streptomycin and 67% to gentamycin, it was 100% resistant to ceftriaxone, 67% resistant to cefixime, 83%  resistant to ciprofloxacin and 67% resistant to ofloxacin. In wound swab E.coli was 64% sensitive to streptomycin. 83% to gentamycin and 50% to ofloxacin and it was 100%, 100%, 50% resistant to ceftriaxone, cefixime and ciprofloxacin respectively. Streptomycin was the most effective followed by gentamycin.   

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Certification i

Dedication ii

Acknowledgement iii

Table of content iv

List of tables vii

Abstract viii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1                                                                                                                                                                                           

1.1 Aim of Study 2                                                                                                                

1.2 Objective of Study 2

1.3 Limitations 3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review 4

2.1 ANTIBIOTICS 5 

2.1.1 Aminoglycosides 5

2.1.2 Fluoroquinolone 7

2.1.3 Cephalosporin 9

2.2 Antimicrobial Activity 11

2.2.1 Antimicrobial activity in vitro

2.2.2 Antimicrobial activity in vivo 12

2.3   Resistance to Antimicrobial Drug

2.4 Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Activity 12

2.5 Clinical use of Antibiotics 12

2.6 Characteristics of Antibiotics 14

2.7 Escherchia coli 15

2.7.1 Morphology 15

2.7.2 Biochemical characteristics 15

 2.7.3 Serotypes 15

2.7.4 Pathogenicity 18

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Study Area 26

3.2 Materials and Reagent 26

3.3 Sample collection 26

3.4 Media Preparation 27

3.5 Inoculation and Isolation 27

3.6 Identification of E. coli 27

3.6.1 Morphology 27

3.6.2 Gram Stain Test 28

3.6.3 Biochemical Characterization 29

3.6.3.1 Citrate test 29

3.6.3.2 Methyl Red Test: 30

3.6.3.3 Voges-Proskauer Test 30

3.6.3.4 Motility, Indole, Urease test (MIU) 31

3.6.3.5 Triple Sugar Iron Test: 32

3.7 Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing 32

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULT 33

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DISCUSSION 37

5.1     CONCLUSION 38

5.2     RECOMMENDATION 38

REFERENCES