ABSTRACT

The sensitivity of biofilm forming staphylococcus aureus from hospital environment to different antibiotics which includes: ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, levofloxacin, gentamicin, trimethoprim, ampiclox, rifampicin, amoxycilin, norfloxacin, chloramphenicol, cefuroxime and ceftriaxone were evaluated. Fifty (50) clinical swab sample were collected within the hospital with respect to different sections which includes; Door handles, beddings, surgical table surfaces, surgical equipment, furniture. Biofilm detection test was carried out using Congo Red Agar method, a total of 12 isolates were strong biofilm producers while 6 isolates were weak biofilm producers and 32 isolates were non biofilm producers. In the antimicrobial susceptibility testing Ciprofloxacin gave the highest zone of inhibition, followed erythromycin, rifampicin, levofloxacin, trimethoprim, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, norfloxacin, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, ampiclox and then amoxycilin give the least zone of inhibition. Ciprofloxacin seems a reliable antibiotic which can be used in combating the menace of biofilm in hospital environment.   

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Certification i

Dedication ii

Acknowledgement iii

Table of content iv

List of table vii

List of figures viii

Abstract ix

CHAPTER ONE 

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of study 1

1.2    Objectives of Study 5

1.3    Problem Statement 6

1.4    Significance of the Study 6

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1   Definition of Biofilm 7

2.2   Biofilm formation and Maturation 8

2.2.1 The Conditioning Layer 9

2.2.2 Reversible Adhesion 9

2.2.3 Irreversible Adhesion 10

2.2.4 Population Growth 11

2.2.5 Final Stages of Biofilm Development 12

2.3   Factors Favoring Biofilm Formation 13

2.3.1 Substratum Effect 13

2.3.2 Conditioning Films 13

2.3.3 Hydrodynamics 14

2.3.4 Horizontal Gene Transfer 14

2.3.5 Quorum Sensing 15

2.4    Biofilm Structure and Function 16

2.4.1 Extracellular Polymeric Substances 16

2.4.2 Protein 17

2.4.3 Interaction of Particles 18

2.5 Biofilm and Pathogenesis 18

2.5.1 Native Valve Endocarditis 18

2.5.2 Otitis Media 19

2.5.3 Chronic Bacterial Prostitis 19

2.5.4 Cyctic Fibrosis 19

2.5.5 Periodontitis 20

2.6   Environmental Factors Affecting Biofilm Development 21

2.6.1 Effect of pH 21

2.6.2 Rheological and Adhesive Properties of Biofilm 21

2.6.3 Effect of Temperature 22

2.6.4 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing 23

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHOD

3.1 Sample Collection 25

3.2 Preparation of Media and Sterilization 25

3.3 Sample Inoculation 26

3.3.1 Isolation of Bacteria 26

3.4   Identification of the Bacterial Isolate 26

3.4.1 Macroscopic Examination 26

3.4.2 Microscopic Examination (Gram Staining) 26

3.5 Biochemical Test 27

3.5.1 Catalase Test 27

3.5.2 Coagulase Test 27

3.5.3 Oxidase Test 27

3.5.4 Methyl Red- Voges Proskauer test 27

3.6   Detection of the Biofilm using Congo red agar 28

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS 

4.1 Results     29

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Discussion 37

5.2 Conclusion 38

5.3 Recommendation 39

References