ABSTRACT

The disposal of Udara skin as waste has become a major concern that constitutes an environmental hazard for many countries because it is a major solid by-product. Dried udara peels have a high content of cellulose and hemicelluloses, which make it suitable as fermentation substrate when hydrolyzed. The present work aims at utilizing Udara skin for the production of ethanol and biomass using palmwine yeasts. It is also one of the measures of converting waste into useful products.  The Udara peel were ground to fine powder and hydrolyzed,   until almost all the cellulose are digested to glucose. The hydrolysate was neutralized with 2% NOH and filtered. Determination of reducing sugar by Anthrone reagent confirmed presence of glucose in the medium.  The pH was decreased from 6.1 to 2.2 at room temperature while the titratable acidity decreased from 0.67±0.21 to 1.83±0.29 and fall in the sugar content from 18.60±00.3 to 1.42±0.00 after 11days of fermentation. The result of the experiment conducted shows that cellulose agricultural waste particularly Udara skin is a potential substrate which can be exploited in industries for bioethanol production on commercial 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title     Page s

Titled Page i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Table Of Contents v

List of Tables ix

List of Figures x

Abstract xi

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 4

2.1 African star apple (Chrysophylum albidum) 4

2.2 Cellulose 6 

2.3 Cellulosic Ethanol 6

2.4 Production of Ethanol from Cellulose 7

2.4.1 Cellulolysis (Biological Approach) 7

2.4.2 Pretreatment 8

2.4.3 Cellulolytic Processes 9

2.4.4 Chemical Hydrolysis 10

2.4.5 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 10

2.5 Bioethanol 12

2.6 Ethanol production technologies 13

2.7 Fermentation 13

2.8 Biomass 14

2.9.0 Fermentation Parameters 16 

2.9.1 Fermentation time 16 

2.9.2 Effect of Ph 16

2.9 .3 Effect of Temperature 17

2.10  Palm Wine 17

2.11 Economic impact of Ethanol production 18

2.12 Environmental impact of Bioethanol Production 19

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 21

3.1 Materials 21

3.2 Methods 21

3.2.1 Sample Preparation 21

3.2.2 Preparation of fungi inculum (Trichoderma) 21

3.2.3 Media Preparation 22

3.3 Deliquification of substrate 22

3.4 Fermentation for Ethanol production 23

3.5.0 Method of analysis 23

3.5.1 Determination of sugar content                        23

3.5.2 Determination of pH 23

3.5.3 Determination of Specific Gravity 24

3.5.4 Determination of Total Solids 24

3.5.5 Determination of Titratable Acid (TTA) 25

3.5.6 Determination of Ethanol Content 26

3.5.7 Statistical Analysis 26

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULT 27

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 32

5.1 Discussion 32

5.2 Conclusion 34

REFERENCES 35