ABSTRACT

Antimicrobial profile of pathogenic bacteria isolated from municipal waste water system in Umuahia, Abia State. Two (2) samples each from four (4) sites (Bawas Street, Umudike junction, Ndoki Street and Old timber junction) were used. Seven (7) bacterial genera; Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Shigella and Staphylococcus were isolated. All the isolates had a 100% prevalence. The invitro antibiotic susceptibility test was done using the Kirby bauer disc diffusion method. Both Gram negative and Gram positive multiple disc were used which consist of ceftazidime (30ug), cefuroxime (30ug), gentamicin (10ug), ciprofloxacin (5ug), ofloxacin (5ug), augmentin (30ug), nitrofurantoin (300ug), ampicillin (10ug) and cefixime (5ug). At Bawas street, the percentage resistance and susceptible of pathogenic organisms to antibiotics were; ceftazidime 35.7% and 57.1%,cefuroxime 35.7% and 57.1%, gentamicin 28.6% and 64.3%, ciprofloxacin 28.6% and 57.1%, ofloxacin 14.3% and 64.3%, ampicillin 14.3% and 85.7%, nitrofurantoin 42.9% and 57.1%, augmentin 14.3% and 85.7% and cefixime 64.3% and 28.6% respectively. At Umudike junction, the percentage resistance and susceptible of pathogenic organisms to antibiotics were; ceftazidime 50% and 28.6%, cefuroxime 42.9% and 35.7%, gentamicin 50% and 42.9%, ciprofloxacin 42.9% and 57.1%, ofloxacin 35.7% and 50%, ampicillin 14.3% and 78.6%, nitrofurantoin 42.9% and 50%, augmentin 14.3% and 85.7% and cefixime 71.4% and 28.6% respectively. At Ndoki street, the percentage resistance and susceptible of pathogenic organisms were; ceftazidime 64.3% and 14.3%, cefuroxime 64.3% and 28.6%, gentamicin 71.4% and 14.3%, ciprofloxacin 50% and 42.9%, ofloxacin 57.1% and 35.7%, ampicillin 28.6% and 42.9%, nitrofurantoin 57.1% and 21.4%, augmentin 14.3% and 85.7% and cefixime 78.6% and 7.1% respectively. At Old timber junction, the percentage resistance and susceptible of organisms to antibiotics were ceftazidime 85.7% and 0%, cefuroxime 71.4% and 28.6%, gentamicin 85.7% and 0%, ciprofloxacin 71.4% and 28.6%, ofloxacin 78.6% and 14.3%, ampicillin 57.1% and 42.9%, nitrofurantoin 92.9% and 0%, augmentin 21.4% and 57.1% and cefixime 92.9% and 0% respectively. The overall prevalence of multiple drug  resistance (MDR) in this study was more in Old timber junction 73% and followed by Ndoki street 54% while in Umudike junction 40% and Bawas street 31% were found to be less. From the above results it was observed that the presence of antibiotic resistance organisms in this waste water should not be overlooked. Since this organisms may be vital to the safety and well-being of patients who are hospitalized and individuals susceptible to infection. Therefore, individuals should avoid the use of waste water or water contaminated by waste water for irrigation of farm, washing of plants and animals food and others, proper waste water treatment plant should be established and improved sanitary measure should be practice.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Table of Contents v

List of tables viii

Abstract ix

Chapter One 1

Introduction 1

1.1 Aim and Objective 3

Chapter Two             4

Literature Review 4

2.1 Waste                         4

2.1.1 Waste water 4

2.1.2 Municipal waste water              6

2.2 Antimicrobial agents  7

2 2.3 Antimicrobial and bacteria in the environment             8

2.3.1 Antimicrobial in the environment             8

2.3.2 Bacteria in the environment 9

2.4 Antimicrobial resistance                                     14

2.4.1 Antimicrobial resistance in medical             14

2.4.2 Antimicrobial resistance in the environment 16

2.5 Identification of resistance and resistant bacteria in the environment             19

2.6 Sources of antibiotics and resistance into municipal waste water system             20

2.7 Input of resistant bacteria into municipal waste water system                         21

2.8 Understanding the interaction of bacteria and antimicrobials in the 

       Environment 27

2.9 Antimicrobial activity 29

Chapter Three             30

3.0 Materials and Methods 30

3.1. Materials 30

3.1.1 Study Area 30

3.1.2. Sample Collection        30

3.1.3 Sterilization 30

3.1.4 Media preparation 31

3.1.5 Isolation of microorganisms 31

3.1.6 Morphological and biochemical characteristics of bacterial isolates 32

3.1.7 Gram staining technique 32

3.1.8 Biochemical Tests 33

3.1.8.1 Oxidase test 33

3.1.8.2 Indole test 33

3.1.8.3 Coagulase test             33

3.1.8.4 Citrate utilization test:             34

3.1.8.5 Catalase test 34

3.1.8.6 Motility test 34

3.1.8.7 Urease test 35

3.1.9 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test 35

Chapter Four 36

Result 36

Chapter Five 49

Discussion 49

Conclusion 50

Recommendation 51

References