ABSTRACT

The study of the efficacy of water guard on waterborne pathogens isolates from domestic water sources in Umudike was carried out. A total of 50 samples of water were randomly collected from locations in Umudike which include, Umuariaga, Amaba, MOUAU, Amawom and Mel-Rose and analyzed for bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella) contamination. Waterborne pathogens isolated from the water before treatment includes, Escherichia coli (69%), Salmonella (20.9%), and Shigella (10.1%). The microorganism isolated after treatment of water with water guard was Escherichia coli while Salmonella and Shigella were eliminated during treatment. The morphological characteristics of the isolates and Gram staining reaction was determined. Biochemical properties of the isolates were also determined. The most prevalent organism before and after treatment with water guard was Escherichia coli and this implied that water treated with water guard is not safe and portable as popularly believed by the people of Umudike. Also there is not any scientific publication on the effects of waterborne pathogens and efficacy of water guard on water borne pathogens in the areas of study.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgements iv

Table of contents v

List of table vi

Abstract vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Introduction 1

1.1 Aims and Objectives 2

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review 3

2.1 The Risks of Water-Borne Diseases 6

2.1.2 The Challenge of Disinfection by Products 7

2.1.3 Chlorine And Water System Security 7

2.1.4 Feacal Contamination 8

2.1.5 Source Water Protection 9

2.1.6 Water Treatment 10

2.1.7 Method of Treatments of Potable water 10 

2.2     Waterborne Pathogens And Aquatabs 15

2.2.2 Traveller’s Diarrhoea 15

2.2.3 Giardia And Cryptosporidium 16

2.2.4 Dysentry 18

2.2.5 Salmonella ` ` 19

2.2.6 Escherichia Coli 20

2.2.7 Typhoid Fever 21

2.2.8 Cholera 22

2.2.9 Hepatitis A 23

2.2.8..1 Hepatitis E 23

2.2.10 Emerging Waterborne Bacterial Pathogens 24

2.2.9.1 Mycobacterium Avium Complex (Mac) 24

2.3 Water Guard: A Household Disinfectant 25

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Materials And Methods 27

3.1     Collection of Water Samples 27

3.1.0 Media Used Preparation and Sterilization 27

3.1.1 Treatment of Water Samples with Water Guard 27

3.2       Sample Preparation And Inoculation 28

3.2.1 Purification Of Isolates 28

3.3       Gram Staining 28

3.3.1 Biochemical Tests 29

3.3.2 Catalase Test 29

3.3.3 Coagulase 29

3.3.3.1 Citrate Test 30

3.3.3.2 Indole Test 30

3.3.3.3 Motility Test 30

3.3.3.4 Sugar fermentation test 31

3.3.3.5  Methyl Red Test 31

3.3.3.6  Voges – Proskauer 31

4.0 RESULT

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Discussion 38

5.2 Conclusion and Recommendation 39

REFERENCE