ABSTRACT

Efficient bio-medical waste management is a major challenge in Africa, and Nigeria in particular. Uncontrolled and excessive use of antibiotics by human may cause an increase in the prevalence and distribution of resistance genes in the environmental samples such as biomedical wastes. Antibiotics resistance is a global problem currently threatening the treatment of infections in plants, animals and humans. This study investigated the antibiotics resistant pattern of bacterial isolates from waste dump sites in Federal Medical Centre, Aba Road, Umuahia, Abia State. The isolates present in the samples were isolated and identified using cultural and biochemical techniques. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility to determine the resistant pattern of the isolates to some antimicrobial agents. Exactly fifty (50) samples from different dump sites from Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia were analyzed. A total of 41 bacterial species were isolated from the 50 samples. Bacillus spp occupied 36.9% of the total number of the isolates, Escherichia coli occupied 17.1%, Streptococcus spp occupied 22.0%, and Klebsiellaspp occupied 7.3% of the total number of isolates. The isolates showed multidrug resistance to Chloramphenicol, Septrin, Augmentin, Amoxycillin and Streptomycin. From the result, Bacillus spp showed the highest resistance to almost all the antibiotics tested. All the Bacillus spp isolates (100%) were resistant to Augmentin,93.3% of Bacillus spp showed resistance to Amoxycillin, 53.3% were resistant to Streptomycin, 86.7% were resistant to Chloramphenicol, 13.3% were resistant to Gentamicin while 6.7% were resistant to Pefloxacin. All the Bacillus sppisolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin. Among the isolates, Klebsiellaspp showed the least resistant to the antibiotics tested, only Augmentin, Amoxycillin and Chloramphenicol were resistance recorded. The high resistant to antibiotics as observed in this study is very alarming and thus highlights the global problem of antibiotics resistance to the public health. 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page i

Dedication ii

Acknowledgements iii

Certification iv

Table of Contents v

List of Tables viii

List of Figures ix

Abstract x

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Statement of Problem 3

1.2 Justification 3

1.3 Aim and Objectives 4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review 5

2.1 Antibiotic Resistance 6

2.1.1 Emergence of Resistance 7

2.2 Problems of Antibiotic Resistance 9

2.3 Genetic Basis of Antibiotic Resistance 10

2.3.1 Inherent Resistance 10

2.3.2 Mutational resistance 10

2.4 Mechanisms for Emergence Resistance 11

2.4.1 Plasmid Mediated Resistance 11

2.4.2 Reduced Membrane Permeability 12

2.4.3 Modification of Target Resistance Site 12

2.4.4 Rapid Extrusion or Effluxpumps 13

2.4.5 Chromosome Mediated-Resistance 13

2.5 Mechanism of Resistance Transfer 14

2.5.1 Horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes 14

2.6 Specific Mechanisms of Resistance 17

2.6.1 Staphylococcus aureus 17

2.6.2 Escherichia coli 18

2.6.3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18

2.7 Waste 20

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Materials and Method 23

3.1 Collection of Samples 23

3.2 Media Preparation 23

3.3 Isolation Characterization and Identification of Bacterial Isolates 23

3.4 Biochemical Test 24

3.4.1 Gram Staining 24

3.4.2 Motility Test 24

3.4.3 Catalase Test 25

3.4.4 Coagulase Test (Slide test) 25

3.4.5 Citrate Utilization Test 25

3.4.6 Indole Test 26

3.4.7 Urease Test 26

3.4.8 Triple Sugar Iron Test (TSI) 27

3.4.9 Endospore formation stain 27

3.5 Antibiotics susceptibility test 27

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Result 29

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Discussions 38

5.1 Conclusion 39

5.2 Recommendations 40

References