SURVEILLANCE OF NOSOCOMIAL PATHOGENS IN THE HOSPITAL WARD OF MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE UMUDIKE ABIA STATE

ABSTRACT

Nosocomial pathogens are hospital acquired pathogens.The infections caused by these Pathogens occurs within 48hours of hospital admission, they are serious threats to patients care.Swabs from beds, sinks, chairs and cupboards were collected from the hospital ward of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Medical Centre Umudike.They were surveyed for contamination by nosocomial pathogens.The collected samples were cultured and analysed using Blood and Macconkey agar. The organisms isolated were subjected to antimicrobial test using disc diffusion method. About 85% of the collected samples had growth of Staphylococcus aureus,10% growth Escherichia coli and 5% growth Proteus specie.Some isolates were resistant to the antibiotics while most of them were sensitive. In the sensitivity of the isolates it was observed that Staphylococcus aureus were more sensitive to Ciproflox, Ceporex and Chloramphenicol. Escherichia coli were more sensitive to Augmentin and Streptomycin while Proteus Specie were more sensitive to Rimfapicin and Ampiclox.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Certification ﾿ i

Dedication ﾿ ii

Acknowledgement ﾿ iii

Table of content ﾿ iv

List of table ﾿ v

List of figure ﾿ vi

Abstract ﾿ vii

Chapter One

1.1 ﾿ Introduction ﾿ 1

1.2 ﾿ Aim and Objective ﾿ 2

Chapter Two

Review of Related Literature ﾿ 3

2.1 ﾿ Literature Review ﾿ 3

2.2 ﾿ Nosocomial pathogens and sites of infection ﾿ 3

2.3 ﾿ Causes of nosocomial infection ﾿ 6

2.4 ﾿ Nosocomial infection causing organism ﾿ 6

2.5 ﾿ Method of acquisition ﾿ 6

2.6 ﾿ Description of isolates ﾿ 7

2.6.1 ﾿ Escherichia coli ﾿ 7

2.6.2 ﾿ Proteus specie ﾿ 8

2.6.3 ﾿ Staphylococcus aureus ﾿ 8

2.7 ﾿ Emergence and spread of nosocomial pathogens ﾿ 9

2. 8  Mechanism of antibiotics resistance ﾿ 10

2.9  Infection and control ﾿ 12

Chapter Three 

Materials and method

3.1 ﾿ Sample Collection ﾿ 13

3.2 ﾿ Preparation of sample ﾿ 13

3.3 ﾿ Preparation of media ﾿ 13

3.4 ﾿ Isolation of bacteria ﾿ 13

3.5. Identification and characterization ﾿ 14

3.5.1 ﾿ Coagulase Test ﾿ 14

3.5.2 ﾿ Catalase Test ﾿ 14

3.5.3OxidaseTest ﾿ 14

3.5.4Motilitytest ﾿ 15

3.5.5 ﾿ Gram Staining ﾿ 16

3.5.6 ﾿ Citrate utilization test ﾿ 16

3.6 ﾿ Preparation of antibiotic disc ﾿ 16

3.7 ﾿ Antibiotic sensitivity test ﾿ 18

3.8 ﾿ Measurement of Zone of inhibition ﾿ 18

Chapter Four

Result ﾿ 19

Chapter Five

5.1 ﾿ Discussion ﾿ 25

5.2 ﾿ Conclusion ﾿ 26

5.3 ﾿ Recommendation ﾿ 27

References

Appendix