ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCING BACTERIA FROM THE SOIL SAMPLES IN MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUDIKE, ABIA STATE.

ABSTRACT

Isolation and identification of antibiotic producing bacteria from soil were carried out. Ten (10) soil samples were collected from different sites around the institution and screened for potential antibiotic producing bacteria. The samples collected were analyzed for total heterotrophic bacteria and coliform count. The result showed that total heterotrophic count ranged from 2.0 × 104 cfu/g – 12 × 102 cfu/g and coliform count ranged from 1.4 × 102 cfu/g – 8.5 × 102 cfu/g. The bacteria isolated were Bacillus species, Micrococcus species, Pseudomonas species Staphylococcus species Streptococcus species Proteus species and Escherichia coli. Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus species, Proteus species and Micrococcus species showed heavy growth as all the organisms grow in the media at different rates.  Bacillus species showed evidence of antibiotic production by inhibiting the growth of the test organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus (zone of inhibition 10mm), Escherichia coli (zone of inhibition 11mm), Pseudomonas species (zone of inhibition 3mm) and Streptococcus species (zone of inhibition 5mm). Moreover, the production of potential antibiotics as seen in this preliminary work was not recovered in large quantity around the university.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ﾿

Certificate ﾿

Dedication                                                                                                  ﾿ iii

Acknowledge ﾿ ﾿

Table of Contents ﾿

List of Tables ﾿           

Abstract ﾿ CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ﾿ 1      1.1      STATEMENT OF PROBLEM ﾿ 3 ﾿ 1.2 ﾿ JUSTIFICATION ﾿           ﾿                                     3 ﾿         1.3       AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ﾿ 5  

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ﾿ 6

2.1 ﾿       MICROORGANISMS AS SOURCES OF NATURAL PRODUCTS ﾿ 7

2.1.1 ﾿ ENZYME PRODUCTION ﾿ 7

2.1.2 ﾿ ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION ﾿ 8

2.2 ﾿ SOURCES OF ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCING MICROORGANISMS ﾿ 9

2.3 ﾿ CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF ANTIBIOTICS ﾿ 9

2.4 ﾿ ANTIBIOTIC DIVERSITY ﾿ 15

2.5 ﾿ CONCEPT OF INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH IN ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION ﾿ 15

2.6 ﾿ PROGRESS OF TRENDS IN ANTIBIOTIC RESEARCH ﾿ 17

2.7 ﾿ GOALS OF ANTIBIOTIC RESEARCH ﾿ 17

2.8 ﾿ FACTORS CONSIDERED IN SELECTION OF ANTIBIOTIC ﾿ 18

2.9 ﾿ FACTORS AFFECTING ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION ﾿ 19

2.10 ﾿ BIOCHEMISTRY OF ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION ﾿ 20

2.11 ﾿ MECHANISMS OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTION ﾿ 22

2.12 ﾿ SPECTRA OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY ﾿ 26

2.13 ﾿ SCREENING METHODS ﾿

2.14 ﾿ PRIMARY TESTING OF ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION ﾿ 28

2.15 ﾿ MICROBIAL DIVERSITY IN SOIL ﾿

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS ﾿

3.1 ﾿ COLLECTION OF SOIL SAMPLE ﾿

3.2 ﾿ PREPARATION AND STERILIZATION ﾿ 31

3.3 ﾿ SAMPLE PREPARATION AND INOCULATION ﾿ 32

3.4 ﾿ COLONIAL MORPHOLOGY ﾿ 32

3.4.1 ﾿ SUBCULTURING ﾿

3.4.2 ﾿ GRAM STAINING ﾿

3.5 ﾿ BIOCHEMICAL TESTS ﾿

35.1 ﾿ CATALASE TEST ﾿

3.5.2 ﾿ COAGULASE TEST ﾿

3.5.3 ﾿ CITRATE UTILIZATION TEST ﾿ 34

3.5.4 ﾿ INDOLE TEST ﾿

3.5.5 ﾿ OXIDASE TEST ﾿

3.5.6 ﾿ UREASE TEST ﾿

3.5.7 ﾿ STARCH HYDROLYSIS ﾿

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS ﾿ 36

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 ﾿ DISCUSSION ﾿

5.2 ﾿ CONCLUSION ﾿

             REFERENCES ﾿

LIST OF TABLES

Table ﾿         ﾿ Title ﾿    Pages

1 ﾿        The thirteen named groups of antibiotics based chemical structure ﾿        12

2 ﾿        Microorganisms producing various antibiotics ﾿        13

3 ﾿         Mean Colony Count (cfu/g) ﾿        37

4                Bacteria isolates and their percentage occurrence ﾿                   38

5                Zone of inhibition diameter (mm) of bacterial isolates against test organisms ﾿