Isolation And Antibiogram Of Salmonella Spp From Poultry Feeds And Fecal Droppings From Selected Farms In Umudike, Umuahia.

ABSTRACT

The present study was aimed at the isolation and antibiogram study of Salmonella spp from various poultry feeds (starter, grower and layer feeds) and fecal droppings in some selected poultry farms in Umudike. 144 samples (72 feed samples and 72 fecal dropping samples) were used for the study and all  the  samples were cultured on Salmonella-Shigella agar and the organisms were identified using biochemical tests and by Gram staining, the microbial load of the organisms were determined by carrying out 5 fold serial dilution of the samples. The biochemical results and Gram staining results showed that all the isolates from the samples were Salmonella spp. The prevalence of Salmonella was highest in the poultry droppings than in the poultry feeds. The highest number of Salmonella spp occurred in the feed samples for growers (37.5%) while the lowest occurred in the starters (20.8%) while the highest occurrence of Salmonella in fecal droppings was 66.67%. The highest TVC of Salmonella isolates in the feeds were 118.67± 1.15 x 105Cfuml-1 while the highest TVC in the fecal droppings was 145.00±6.56x105 Cfuml-1.The antimicrobial testing showed that the isolated Salmonella spp were highly sensitive to Gentamycin, Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin, moderately sensitive to Erythromycin and Streptomycin but highly resistant to Augmentin and Ampicillin.  The present study indicates that Salmonella spp are more prevalent in the fecal droppings of poultry birds than in the feeds of poultry birds. The study also indicates that Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin can be used as first line therapies for Salmonella gastroenteritis from poultry sources.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ﾿ i

Certification ﾿ ii

Dedication ﾿ iii

Acknowledgements ﾿ iv

List of Tables ﾿ ix

List of Figures ﾿ x

Abstract ﾿             xi ﾿

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the study ﾿    1

1.2 Aim of the study ﾿                3

1.3 Objectives of the study ﾿    3

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 General overview of Salmonella ﾿                                        4

2.1.1 History of Salmonella ﾿    4

2.1.2 Taxonomy and Nomenclature of Salmonella ﾿    4

2.2 Pathogenesis of Salmonella ﾿ ﾿                5

2.3 Epidemiology of Salmonella contamination in poultry products ﾿               ﾿    6

2.4 Salmonella Contamination ﾿                                        7

2.4.1 Sources of Salmonella ﾿    8

2.4.2 Clinical manifestation of Salmonella ﾿    9

2.5 Clinical prevalence of Salmonella spp among poultry products ﾿    9

2.6 Chicken as a reservoir of Salmonella ﾿                           11

2.7 Isolation of Salmonella from Chicken ﾿                           12

2.7.1 Isolation of Salmonella from Poultry fecal droppings ﾿                                       14

2.8 Characterization of Salmonella ﾿                           ﾿   14

2.8.1 Cultural characteristics of Salmonella spp ﾿               ﾿               14

2.8.2 Biochemical characteristics of Salmonella ﾿                           15

2.5 Antibiogram study of Salmonella                                                                               16

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS ﾿

3.1 Description of study area ﾿    18

3.2 Sample collection and Sample sizes ﾿                19

3.3 Transportation of Samples ﾿                19

3.4 Preparation of Media                                                                                                    22

3.5 Determination of microbial load ﾿                            22

3.6 Isolation of Salmonella from Poultry feeds                                                                 23 ﾿

3.7 Isolation of Salmonella from Poultry fecal droppings ﾿                            23                                                                 

3.8 Identification of the Isolated organisms ﾿                                        23

3.8.1 Gram staining ﾿    23

3.8.2 Biochemical test of the isolates ﾿    24

3.8.3 Methyl Red test ﾿    24

3.8.4Voges-Proskeaur test ﾿                            24

3.8.5 Catalase test ﾿                            24

3.8.6 Oxidase test ﾿                            24

3.8.7 Citrate test ﾿                25

3.9 Antibiogram study of the Salmonella isolates ﾿    25

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT 

4.1 Result ﾿                        26-37

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Discussion ﾿             37

5.2 Conclusion                                                                                                                40

5.3 Recommendation                                                                                                      40

 References