Determination Of Nicotine Content And Microbiological Examination Of Powdered Tobacco Sold In Umuahia, Abia State
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ABSTRACT ﾿
Powdered tobacco (snuff) is a finely ground product of Nicotina tabacum leaves that is taken by inhalation through the nose or by tucking it between the lower lips and the gum. The principal alkaloid found in powdered tobacco is nicotine and the determination of the nicotine content was done using the alkaline precipitation gravimetric method and the result obtained from the snuff samples ranged from 0.3mg- 0.8mg. Identification of microorganisms present in the snuff sample sold in various markets in Umuahia. Abia state was carried outusing standard microbiological techniques. The organisms identified were Staphylococcus, Aspergillus, Bacillus, Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Rhizopus and Penicillium. The mean total bacterial counts obtained from various market in Umuahia are as follows, Ndoru ranged from 3.67x104± 0.58 – 5.33x104± 0.58cfu¬/g,while Ubani ranged from 2.67x104± 0.58 – 4.33x104± 0.58 cfu¬/g. Orie-ugba ranged from 4.00x104± 1.00 – 5.33x104± 1.53 cfu¬/g and Ahiaeke ranged from 2.67x104 ± 0.58 – 5.00x104 ± 1.00. The fungal counts for Ndoru ranged from 0.67x102± 0.58 – 2.00x102± 1.00 cfu¬/g while Ubani ranged from 1.00x102± 0.00 – 2.67x102± 1.15 cfu¬/g and Orie-ugba ranged from 1.67x102 ± 0.58 - 2.67x102 ± 0.58 cfu¬/g and Ahiaeke ranged from 1.67x102 ± 0.58 - 2.33x102 ± 0.58 cfu¬/g. Staphylococcus had the highest occurrence among the bacterial isolates (33.3%), while Streptococcus had the least (16.7%). Aspergillus had the highest occurrence among the fungi (40%), whileRhizopus had the least (25%).Most snuff samples sold in markets in Umuahia were contaminated by potentiallypathogenic microbes. Good manufacturing practices and improvements in the sanitary condition
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page ﾿ i
Certification ﾿ ii
Dedication ﾿ ﾿ iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents ﾿ v
List of Tables ﾿ viii
Abstract ﾿ ix
CHAPTER ONE ﾿
1.1 ﾿ Introduction ﾿ 1
1.2 ﾿ Aim ﾿ 2
1.3 ﾿ Objectives ﾿ 2 ﾿ ﾿
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW ﾿
2.1 ﾿ Tobacco ﾿ 3
2.2 ﾿ Classification of Tobacco Plant ﾿ 12
2.2.1 ﾿ Family Salanaceae ﾿ 12
2.2.2 ﾿ Nicatiana Rustica ﾿ ﾿ 12
23 ﾿ Chemical Composition of Tobacco ﾿ ﾿ 13 ﾿
2.4 ﾿ Short Term Effects of Use of Powdered Tobacco (Snuff) ﾿ ﾿ 14
2.5 Long-term effects of smoking or chewing tobacco ﾿ ﾿ 14
2.5.1 Heart problems ﾿ ﾿ 14 ﾿
2.5.2 Cancers ﾿ ﾿ 14 ﾿
2.5.3 Lung disease ﾿ ﾿ 15 ﾿
2.5.4 Other health problems ﾿ ﾿ 15
2.6 Effects of tobacco on the brain ﾿ ﾿ 15
CHAPTER THREE ﾿
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Source of materials ﾿ ﾿ 17 ﾿
3.2 Determination of alkaloid content (nicotine) ﾿ ﾿ 17
3.3 Sample preparation ﾿ ﾿ 18
3.4 Media preparation ﾿ ﾿ 18
3.5 Determination of microbial load ﾿ ﾿ 19
3.6 Isolation and identification of microbes ﾿ 19 ﾿ ﾿ ﾿ 3.7 Characteristics of isolates ﾿ ﾿ 20
3.7.1 Characterization of fungi isolates ﾿ ﾿ 20
3.7.1.1 Colony features ﾿ ﾿ 20
3.7.1. 2 Structural features ﾿ ﾿ 20
3.7.2 Characterization of bacteria isolates ﾿ ﾿ 21
3.7.2.1 Colony features ﾿ ﾿ 21
3.7.3 Biochemical tests ﾿ ﾿ 21
3.8 Identification of isolate ﾿ ﾿ 24
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Results ﾿ ﾿ 25 ﾿
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Discussion ﾿ ﾿ 31
5.2 Conclusion ﾿ ﾿ 32
5.3 Recommendation ﾿ ﾿ 32
REFERENCES
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APA
MOUAU/12/23663, C. O., & AGOBI (2020). Determination Of Nicotine Content And Microbiological Examination Of Powdered Tobacco Sold In Umuahia, Abia State. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture. Retrieved June 7, 2026, from http://repository.mouau.edu.ng/works/determination-of-nicotine-content-and-microbiological-examination-of-powdered-tobacco-sold-in-umuahia-abia-state
MLA
MOUAU/12/23663, CHRISTIANA OLACHI, and AGOBI. "Determination Of Nicotine Content And Microbiological Examination Of Powdered Tobacco Sold In Umuahia, Abia State." Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, 9 Jun. 2020, http://repository.mouau.edu.ng/works/determination-of-nicotine-content-and-microbiological-examination-of-powdered-tobacco-sold-in-umuahia-abia-state. Accessed June 7, 2026.
Chicago
MOUAU/12/23663, CHRISTIANA OLACHI, and AGOBI. "Determination Of Nicotine Content And Microbiological Examination Of Powdered Tobacco Sold In Umuahia, Abia State." Michael Okpara University of Agriculture (2020). Accessed June 7, 2026. http://repository.mouau.edu.ng/works/determination-of-nicotine-content-and-microbiological-examination-of-powdered-tobacco-sold-in-umuahia-abia-state