ASSESSMENT OF THE MICROBIAL AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITIES OF ANIMAL FEED PRODUCED AT SONGHAI FARM, RIVERS STATE.

ABSTRACT

The assessment of microbial and nutritional qualities of animal feeds produced at Songhai farm, Rivers State was carried out. A total of seven (7) animals feed sample for Pig, turkey, snail, Grasscutter, Quail, Broilers, Layers brands of feeds produced at Songhai farm were analysed. The genera of bacteria and fungi isolated and their percentage accurrence were Staphylococcus specie (18.3%), Bacillus specie (20.4%), Pseudomonas specie (18.3%), E.coli (40.8%), Salmonella specie (32.6%), Aspergillus specie (79.5%), Fusarium specie (83.6%), Penicillum spp (83.6%) and Rhizopus specie (83.6%). The microbial count ranged as follows: Total heterotrophic bacterial count 7.8×105cfu/g to 1.50×106cfu/g; Staphylococcus aureus count 2.8×104cfu/g to 7.8×104cfu/g; E.coli count 1.0×104cfu/g to 7.8×104cfu/g; fungal count 8.3×105cfu/g to 1.90×105cfu/g. The nutritional parameters ranged as follows: Moisture content 8.3% to 9.80%; Ash content 7.2% to 10.8%; Fat content 1.01% to 10.9%; Fiber content 2.53% to 14.3%; Protein content 6.65% to 43.0%; Carbohydrate content 18.4% to 67.07%. The nutritional qualities of the animal feed analysed shown that there is high nutrient found in animal feeds produced in Songhai farm which help in the growth, healthiness and aids digestion in these animal and can help humans after consumption.

TABLE OF CONTENT 

Title page ﾿ i

Certification ﾿ ii

Dedication ﾿ iii

Acknowledgement ﾿ iv

Table of contents ﾿ v

List of Tables ﾿ vii 

Abstract  ﾿ viii

CHAPTER ONE: Introduction ﾿ 1

1.2 ﾿ Aims and Objective ﾿ 6

CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review ﾿ 7

2.1 ﾿ Animal Nutrient Requirements ﾿ 8

2.1.1 ﾿ Nutrition ﾿ 8

2.1.2 ﾿ Carbohydrates ﾿ 9

2.1.3 ﾿ Lipids ﾿ 9

2.1.4 ﾿ Proteins ﾿ 9

2.1.5 ﾿ Vitamins ﾿ 10

2.1.6 ﾿ Minerals ﾿ 10

2.2 ﾿ Pathogens Found in Livestock/Poultry ﾿ 11

2.3 ﾿ Antimicrobials in Livestock/ Poultry ﾿ 12

2.4.1 ﾿ Commonly Used Antimicrobials Administered to Pig ﾿ 13

2.4.2 ﾿ Commonly Used Antimicrobials Administered to Poultry ﾿ 14

CHAPTER THREE: Materials and Method ﾿ 16

3.2 ﾿ Sample Collection ﾿ 16

3.3 ﾿ Isolation and Enumeration of Associated Microorganism ﾿ 16

3.4 ﾿ Media Preparation ﾿ 16

3.5 ﾿ Enumeration and Identification of Associated Microorganism ﾿ 17

3.6 ﾿ Characterization and Identification of Organism ﾿ 17

3.7 ﾿ Gram Staining ﾿ 17

3.8 ﾿ Biochemical Tests

3.9 ﾿ Proximate/Nutritional Analysis of Animal Feed Samples ﾿ 20

3.10 ﾿ Determination of Dry Matter (Dm) ﾿ 20

3.11 ﾿ Determination of Ash ﾿ 20

3.12 ﾿ Determination of Protein ﾿ 21

3.13 ﾿ Determination of Fat ﾿ 21

3.14 ﾿ Determination of Carbohydrate ﾿ 22

CHAPTER FOUR: Results ﾿ 23

CHAPTER FIVE: Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation ﾿ 27

5.1 ﾿ Discussion ﾿ 27

5.2 ﾿ Recommendation ﾿ 28

﾿ References ﾿ 30

﾿ Appendix I ﾿ 35

﾿ Appendix I ﾿ 36