Assessment Of Heavy Metal Content Of Some Cosmetics Products Purchased From Two Tertiary Institutions In Abia State.

ABSTRACT

An assessment of heavy metals content of some cosmetic products purchased from two tertiary Institutions in Abia State, Nigeria were carried out in this study. In order to assess the health risk levels of heavy metals in various brands of cosmetics products purchased by the students, and to determine the concentrations, systemic toxicity, hazard quotient levels and cancer risk and potency levels. The wet digestion method application were adopted, 10ml of concentrated nitric acid and perchloric acid was mixed at (3:1 ratio), added to 2g of each sample in a 100ml beaker and allowed to stand in a water bath for 2-3 hours at 60^oC. Atomic Absorption Spectrometer was subsequently used to obtain the respective values of the metals. In ABSU, the mean values of Cadmium in Eye shadow samples was (4.03 to 5.62μg/g), Eye pencil (5.46 to 7.06μg/g), Lip liner (1.13 to 5.13μg/g), Lipstick not detected (*ND* to 85.71μg/g), Face powder not detected (*ND* to 0.28μg/g) and Skin cream not detected (*ND* to 0.24μg/g). The mean values of Chromium concentrations in Lipstick was 27.63 to 65.57μg/g, Skin cream 29.89 to 47.84μg/g, Lip liner 34.96 to 47.93μg/g, Face power 32.51 to 51.98μg/g, Eye pencil 34.36to 47.96μg/g, and Eye shadow 30.80 to 43.97μg/g in samples collected from Abia State University Uturu. High concentrations of chromium were found in lipstick product (Lp3). A very high concentration of Cr was observed in eye shadow and mascara in Saudi Arabia product. The (SED) of Copper (Cu) and the (SED) of Cr from the use of these cosmetic products ranged from 4.9795, 9.6549 to 9.9730μg kg⁻¹bw day⁻¹.m and 4.6688, 5.7499 to 5.960μg kg⁻¹bw day⁻¹ respectively. The estimated SED values of Mercury (Hg) obtained from the use of these cosmetic products ranged between 1.7143, 2.1384 to 4.1143μg kg−1bw day⁻¹, while the SED of Iron (Fe) ranged between 5.7326 to 7.6353μg kg⁻¹bw day⁻⁴. The systemic exposure dosage of Nickel (Ni) from the use of these cosmetic products ranged from 5.1168, 5.9702 to 9.1577μg kg⁻¹bw day⁻⁸. The SEDs values of Lead (Pb) obtained from the use of cosmetic products available varied from 4.2013, 7.0353 to 8.1693μg kg⁻¹ between day⁻¹². The SEDs values of Mn obtained from the use of cosmetic products available ranged from 3.5835 to 7.3880μg kg⁻¹ between day⁻¹⁵. The systemic exposure dosage of Manganese (Mn) and Zinc (Zn) from the use of these cosmetic products ranged from 3.8658, 5.1480 to 9.2658μg kg⁻¹bw day⁻¹⁸. The estimated SED values of Cadbium (Cd) obtained from the use of these facial cosmetic products ranged between 5.9218, 7.4032 to 8.2697μg kg⁻¹bw day⁻²¹, while the SED of Arsenic (As) ranged between 4.1247 to 9.3806μg kg−1bw day⁻²⁴.  The estimated SEDs of Mercury (Hg), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Arsenic (As) and Cadbium (Cd) respectively from the application of these facial cosmetic products are below their respective recommended intake values except in PCPs products of Eye pencils, Face Powder were 7.3880 μg /g in Pb, 7.6353 μg/g in Fe, 8.2697 μg/g in Cd, 9.3806 μg/g in As and in Cu 9.9730 μg kg⁻¹bw day⁻²⁸ and while the estimated systematic exposure dosage (SEDs) of Zinc (Zn) 7.2061, Cd 7.4032 and Mn 9.2658 μg kg⁻¹bw day⁻³¹ in PCPs of Eye Pencil were also above the recommended intake values. The estimated Margin of Safety for metals in these cosmetic products was greater than the proposed value of 100 set by the World Health Organization. The present study revealed that heavy metals analyzed in locally made and imported cosmetic products, the locally made tends to be more concentrated above their specified limits whereas imported products have required specified limits according Canadian Authority. 

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page                                                                                                                                            i

Declaration                                                                                                                                          ii

Certification                                                                                                                                        iii

Dedication                                                                                                                                          iv

Acknowledgements                                                                                                                            v

Table of Content                                                                                                                                 vi

List of Tables                                                                                                                                      vii

List of Plates                                                                                                                                       xii

Abstract                                                                                                                                             xiii

                                                                                                                                             

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION                                                                                           

1.1       Background of the Study                                                                                                       1

1.2       Statement of the Problem                                                                                                       7

1.3       Justification of the Study                                                                                                       8

1.4       Aim and Objective of the Study                                                                                            8

1.5       Scope of the Study                                                                                                                 9

1.6       Significance of Study                                                                                                             9

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                 

2.1       Facial Cosmetics ingredients                                                                                      10

2.2       Side Effects of Cosmetics and Formulation of Cosmetics Products                                     12

2.2.1    Substances with toxic potential in formulation of cosmetics products                                  14

2.3       The Health Complications Associated With the Use of Cosmetic Products                          15

2.3.1    Allergic reactions to cosmetics                                                                                               15

2.3.2    Irritant contact dermatitis                                                                                                       16

2.3.3    Photoallergic dermatitis                                                                                                          16

2.3.4.   Facial stinging                                                                                                                         17

2.3.5    Redness of the skin                                                                                                                 17

2.4       Health and environmental hazards of some chemicals in cosmetics products                        17

2.5       Heavy Metals Contents in Facial Cosmetics Ingredients                                                       19

2.5.1    Coal tar                                                                                                                                   19

2.5.1.2 Diethanolamine (Cocamide DEA and Lauramide DEA)                                                       20

2.5.1.3     Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP)                                                                                                    20

2.5.1.4     Parabens                                                                                                                              21

2.5.1.5     Polyethylene glycols (PEGs)                                                                                              22

2.5.1.6     Petrolatum                                                                                                                           22

2.5.1.7     Siloxanes                                                                                                                             22

2.6       Health Risk Associated with Heavy Metals in Cosmetics                                                     23

2.7       Other Heavy Metals Present In Facial Cosmetic Ingredients                                     23

2.7.1    Cadmium        `                                                                                                                       23

2.7.2    Lead                                                                                                                                       24

2.7.3    Arsenic                                                                                                                                    24

2.7.4    Chromium                                                                                                                               26

2.7.5    Manganese                                                                                                                              26

2.7.6    Nickel                                                                                                                                      26

2.7.7    Mercury                                                                                                                                   27

2.7.8    Copper                                                                                                                        28

2.8       Animal Testing on Cosmetics Ingredients                                                                              29

2.9       Current Legislation on Cosmetics Products                                                                           33

2.9.1    Current legislation on cosmetics products                                                                              36

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS                                                             

3.1       Study Area                                                                                                                              38

3.2       Experimental Design and Procedure                                                                                      41

3.2.1    Sample collection                                                                                                                    41

3.2.2    Materials-chemicals and Standard Equipment                                                                       41

3.3       Sample Preparation                                                                                                                 42

3.3.1    Sampling                                                                                                                                 42

3.3.2    Sample Digestion for all Metals except Pb and Hg                                                                43

3.3.3    Sample Digestion for Lead (Pb)                                                                                             43

3.3.4    Sample Digestion for Mercury (Hg)                                                                                       44

3.4       Assessment of Health Risk                                                                                                     44

3.4.1    Hazardous index                                                                                                                     47

3.4.2    Cancer risk and potency factor                                                                                               47

3.5       Statistical Analysis                                                                                                                  49

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION                                                      

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION                                                  

5.1       Conclusion                                                                                                                              80

5.2       Recommendations                                                                                                                  81

References                                                                                                                              82

Appendices                                                                                                                             95

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LIST OF TABLES

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                `                                                                                                                                                             PAGES

1.         Heavy metals concentrations (ug/g) of some identify cosmetics products commonly used in

Abia State University (ABSU)                                                                                           50

2.         Heavy metals concentrations (ug/g) of some identify facial cosmetics products commonly used in Michael Okpara University Agriculture, Umudike                                                 58

 

3.         Assessment of Systemic Exposure dosage Levels and Margin Safety Cosmetics products in ABSU                                                                                                                                66

 

4.         Risk assessment of systemic exposure dosage levels and margin of

safety of metals in cosmetics in MOUAU                                                                         69

 

5.         Risk assessment of hazardous index of metals in PCPS facial cosmetics product collected from Absu  &MOUAU                                                                                                 71

 

6.         Risk assessment of oral cancer level and cancer level index of heavy metals in personal Care Product (cosmetics)collected from Abia State University.                                     73

 

7.         Risk assessment of oral cancer levels and cancer risk index of heavy metals in Personal Care product (Cosmetics) collected from MOUAU                                                      75

 

8.         Risk assessment of potency factor levels of heavy metals in Personal Care Products (Cosmetics) collected from ABSU and MOUAU                                                      77