Antimicrobial And Phytochemical Analyses Of Cola Acuminata,Cola Vera, And Garcinia Cola And Their Effects On Some Human Pathogens

ABSTRACT

The phylochemicals and antimicrobiai analysis of Cola acuminata. Cola vera and Gqrcinia cola   were carried out on Staphylococcus  aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella  typhi Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicam using ethanoic and aqueous extracts. In E. coli, oji igbo (2I.O±2.00a) had the highest antimicrobial activity. For Salmonella typhi, bitter cola (20.3±2.08a) had the highest antimicrobial activity. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bitter cola (19.0+ 1.73a) had the best antimicrobial activity. For Staphylococcus aureus, Oji Igbo (14.3±0.56a) had the highest antimicrobial activity. In Candida albicam, bitter cola (23.0±1.003) had best antimicrobial activity. After phytochemical analysis, in alkaloids, bitter cola (2.72±0.08a) was the highest. In flavonoids, bitter cola (0.37±0.02a) was the highest. In saponins, bitter cola (0.68±0.03a) was also the highest. Oji igbo (1.41±0.005a) had the highest concentration of phenol. In tannins, oji igbo (0.94±0.002a) had the highest concentration. In phytates, oji hausa (0.18±0,04a)was the highest. Oji hausa (0.15±0.006C) had the lowest concentration in oxalates.  Oji hausa (3.86±0.09C) was the lowest in HCN. It has been considered that phytochemicals have crucial nutritional component with the ability to prevent chronic diseases such as cancer, cardio-vascular diseases, diabetes and aging. The valuable properties of bitter cola, particularly in oji hausa and oji igbo in general may be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds like alkaloids. The presence of excess tannin in oji igbo and oji hausa, especially in bitter cola could be partly responsible for the hot taste of these seeds. Alkaloids are used as CNS stimulants, tropical anaesthetics, in opthamology. The result of the MIC, showed that Garcinia cola extracts (bitter cola), for both water and ethanol extraction is more potent against the test organisms. The high variety of activities displayed by samples in this study appears to justify and explain the scientific bases for their uses in traditional medicine.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ﾿    I

CERTIFICATION                                                                                                      II

DEDICATION ﾿ III 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ﾿ IV  

TABLE OF CONTENTS                                                                                           V

LIST OF TABLES ﾿ VI

LIST OFFIGURES                      ﾿ VII

LIST OF TABLE ﾿            VIII          

ABSTRACT ﾿ IX

CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.0 ﾿ Introduction ﾿ 1

1.1 ﾿ Aims and Objectives of Study ﾿ 4

CHAPTER TWO:

2.0 ﾿ LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 ﾿ Phytochemical Occurences ﾿ 6

2.2 ﾿ Antimicrobial potentials in medicinal plants ﾿ 6

2.3 ﾿ Bitter Cola ﾿ 9

2.4 ﾿ Cola Nut ﾿          13

2.5 ﾿ Cola acuminate (Oji Igbo) and Kola Vera (Oji Hausa) ﾿          15

2.6 ﾿ Cola Nut Composition ﾿          20

2.7 ﾿ Medicinal & Antimicrobial Effects ﾿          17

CHAPTER THREE:

3.0 ﾿ MATERIALS AND METHODS ﾿ 19

3.1 ﾿ Materials ﾿ 19

3.2 ﾿ Methods ﾿ 19

3.3 ﾿ Antimicrobial Assay ﾿ 24

3.4 ﾿ Preparation of Extract ﾿ 25

3.5 ﾿ Statistical Analysis ﾿ 26

CHAPTER FOUR: 

4.0 ﾿ RESULT ﾿ 28

CHAPTER FIVE:

5.0 ﾿ DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ﾿ 32

5.1 ﾿ Discussions ﾿ 32

5.2 ﾿ Conclusion ﾿ 38

5.3 ﾿ Recommendation ﾿ 38

REFERENCES

APPENDIX