Antimicrobial Activity Of Vernonia Amygdalina And Carica Papaya Against Some Pathogenic Bacteria

ABSTRACT

The ethanol extracts of vernonia amyadalina and carica papaya leaves were tested against selected test organisms usin agar dilution method for determining and evaluating their antimicrobial activities. The test organisms used were staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Escherichia coli, ATCC 25922, enterococcus faecalis ATCC 7080 and salmonella typhi. The ethanol extract of vernonia amyadalina and carica papaya showed stron inhibition at 10,000µg¬/ml against s.areus ATCC25923 and E.faecalis ATCC7080 while for e.coli plants revealed the presence of  saponins, tannins, flavonoids. The result of antibacterial assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (mic ) and minimum bacterial concentration (mbc) showed that the ethanol extracts from the plant possess significant level of antibacterial activities at varied concentrations against the test organisms, the extract of vernonia amygadalina had minimum inhibitory concentration range between 100ug/ml to 4000ug/ml against three of the test organisms and minimum bactericidal concentration ranged between 2000ug/ml to 5000ug/ml, while the extract of the carica papaya had minimum infibitory concentration range 9000ug/ml against three organisms and minimum bactericidal concentration ranged between 2000ug/ml to 10000ug/ml. the results of the work suggest that the ethanol leaves extract of vernonia amygdalina and carica papaya possess broad spectrum of antibacterial activities. The results validates the ethnomedicinal uses of these plants.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page ﾿ i

Certification ﾿ ii

Dedication ﾿ iii

Acknowledgement ﾿ iv

Table of content ﾿ v

List of Tables ﾿ vii

List of plates

Abstract ﾿ ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 ﾿ Introduction ﾿ 1

1.2 ﾿ Aims and Objectives ﾿ 2

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 ﾿ Literature Review  ﾿ 5

2.1 ﾿ Medicinal Plants ﾿ 5

2.2 ﾿ Phytomedicine  ﾿ 7

2.3 ﾿ Review Of Some Phytochemicals ﾿ 8

2.4 ﾿ Ethnopharmacognotic Profile Of The Test Plants ﾿ 11

  2.4.1  Vernonia amygdalina ﾿ 11

2.4.1.1   Pharmacology Of Vernonia amygdalina ﾿ 12

2.4.2 ﾿ Carica papaya ﾿ 14

2.4.2.1  Pharmacology of Carica papaya ﾿ 15       

CHAPTER THREE

3.0  Materials and methods    ﾿ 17

3.1 Collection of Plant Materials ﾿ 17

3.2   Preparation of the Plant Material ﾿ 19

3.3 ﾿ Extraction   Procedure  ﾿ 19 ﾿

3.4 ﾿ Source and Maintenance of Test Organisms ﾿ 20

3.5. ﾿ Preparation of Stock  Solution of Extract ﾿ 20

3.6 ﾿ Agar Dilution Susceptibility Testing    ﾿ 21

3.7 ﾿ Minimum Inhibitory Concentration    ﾿ 22

3.8 ﾿ Qualitative Phytochemical Screening  ﾿ 23

 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS ﾿ 25-31

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 ﾿ DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ﾿ 32

5.1 Discussion ﾿ 32

5.2 Conclusion ﾿ ﾿ 34

5.3 Recommendations ﾿ 35

REFERENCES