ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACT OF SPONDIAS MOMBIN AGAINST BACTERIAL ISOLATES FROM WOUND

ABSTRACT

This project studied the antimicrobial activity of Spondias mombin plant against bacterial isolates from wounds.  Water and ethanol extracts of leaf and bark of the plant was used against the wound isolates at in-vitro level by spread plate disc diffusion techniques. Results obtained showed four bacterial species including Candida species  from the wounds with the following occurrence Staphylococcus (88.9%), Streptococcus (77.8%), Pseudomonas (55.6%), E.coli (44.4%) and Candida (33.3%).  Phytochemical analysis of the plant parts showed the presence of different phytochemicals in the different extracts. The water extract showed the content of alkaloid (0.18%), phenol (0.08%), flavonoids (0.27%), saponins (0.54%), tannin 0.46% and HCN 9.27 mg/kg in the leaf while the corresponding values in the aqueous solution of the bark was 0.12%, 0.33%, 0.26%, 0.40%, 0.22%  and 7.18mg/kg. Ethanol extracts of the leaf and bark had alkaloid 0.36% and 0.24%, flavonoids 0.27% and 0.33%, saponins 0.34% and 0.24%, tannin 0.37% and 0.18%, phenol 0.56% and 0.52% respectively. The antibacterial activity test shows that the extract inhibited the wound isolates to different levels. Against the test isolates, the water extract of the leaf caused inhibition zones of 7.33mm to 14.67mm while that of the bark was 6.33mm to 13.67mm.  Ethanol extract inhibitions were 13. ﾿ 33 to 20.33mm (leaf) and 10.33mm to 20.00mm (bark). It was recorded that the ethanol extracts were more potent than the water extracts and the leaf extracts  were more potent than the bark extracts.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page ﾿ i

Certification. ﾿ ii

Dedication ﾿ iii

Acknowledgement ﾿ iv

Table of Contents ﾿ v ﾿

List of Tables ﾿ viiii

Abstract ﾿ ix ﾿

CHAPTER ONE:   INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study ﾿ 1

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 ﾿ Drug plants ﾿ 3

2.2 ﾿ Drug classification ﾿ 3

2.3 ﾿ Phytomedicine ﾿ 4

2.3.1 ﾿ Historical perspective of Phytomedicine ﾿ 4

2.3.2 ﾿ Challenges facing phytomedicine ﾿ 5

2.3.3 ﾿ Phytochemicals ﾿ 6

2.4 ﾿ Alkaloids ﾿ 6

2.4.1 ﾿ Flavonoid ﾿ 7

2.4.2 ﾿ Saponin ﾿ 8

2.4.3 ﾿ Tannins ﾿ 8

2.4.4 ﾿ Phenols ﾿ 8

2.5 ﾿ Ethnobotany and pharmacology of plant sample ﾿ 9

2.6 ﾿ Test organism ﾿ 9

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS 

3.1 Experiement sites and source of materials ﾿ 12

3.2 Sample and media preparation ﾿ 12

3.2.1 Sample preparation ﾿ 12

3.2.2 Media preparation ﾿ 12

3.3 Isolation of bacteria from wound ﾿ 13

3.4 Preparation of crude extracts from S. Mombin ﾿ 14

3.5 Tests for Antimicrobial Activity  (In vitro ) ﾿ 14

3.6 Quanlitative phytochemical screening ﾿ 15

3.6.1 Test for Tannin ﾿ 16

3.6.2 Test for Saponins ﾿ 16

3.6.3 test for Flavonoids ﾿ 16

3.6.4 Test for Alkaloids ﾿ 17

3.6.5 Test for Phenols ﾿ 17

3.6.6 Test for cyanogenic glycoside (HCN) ﾿ 17

3.7 Quantitative determination of phytochemicals ﾿ 18

3.7.1 Determination of Alkaloids ﾿ 18

3.7.2 Determination of Flavonoids ﾿ ` ﾿ 19

3.7.3 Determination of Tannins ﾿ 19

3.7.4 Determination of Saponin ﾿ 20

3.7.5 Determination of phenols ﾿ 22

3.7.6 Determination of cyanogenic Glycoside (HCN) ﾿ 22

3.7.7 Determination of Oxalate ﾿ 23

3.7.8  Determination of phylate ﾿ 24

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Results ﾿ 25

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION CONTRIBUTION

 TO KNOWLEDGE AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER 

STUDIES 

5.1  Discussion ﾿ 30

5.2 Conclusion ﾿ 32

5.4 Recommendations for further studies ﾿ 33

Reference

Appendix ﾿