Antifungal Effects Of Microorganisms Isolated From Snail Gut

ABSTRACT

The quest for search of a new microbial active agent has led to the exploitation of the snail .Achatina fulica, this species is known to carry parasites and harbor a dense metabolically active community. The microorganisms isolated from snail gut samples gotten from Ahiaeke Market, Abia State, Nigeria was studied. The bacterial isolated from the snail gut were Micrococcus sp, Bacillius sp, Pseudomonas sp, and Enterobacter sp. And fungi isolated were Aspergillis sp, Penicillium sp, and Fusarium sp.  Aspergillius sp and Penicillium sp were used as test organisms against the isolated bacterial. To know which inhibits the growth and shows antifungal effect against test organisms. Aspegillus sp and Penicillum sp with D1 showing the highest zone of inhibition (16mm) and E1 showing the least zone of inhibition (9mm)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page ﾿ i

Declaration ﾿ ii

Certification ﾿ iii 

Dedication ﾿ iv

Acknowledgements ﾿ v

Table of Contents ﾿ vi

List of Tables ﾿ viii

Abstract ﾿ ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 ﾿ INTRODUCTION ﾿ 1

1.1 ﾿ ﾿ Aim ﾿ 3

1.2 ﾿ ﾿ Objective      ﾿ 3                                     

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 ﾿ Snail Description ﾿ 4

2.1.1 ﾿ Diet ﾿ 4

2.1.2  ﾿ Damage ﾿ 5

2.1.3    ﾿ Prevention and Avoidance ﾿ 7

2.1.4 ﾿ Physical Barriers ﾿ 7

2.1.5    Cultural Practices ﾿ 8

2.1.6  ﾿ Biological Control ﾿ 9

2.2       Overview of Fungi ﾿ 9

2.2.1    Characteristic/functions of fungi life ﾿ 10

2.2.2    Life water associated fungi (aquatic fungi) ﾿ 10

2.3 ﾿ Overview of bacteria ﾿ 12

2.3.1    Growth ﾿ 12

2.3.2    Factors that affect the generation time of bacteria ﾿ 13

2.3.3    Bacterial metabolism ﾿ 14

2.3.4 ﾿ Human bacterial diseases ﾿ 14

2.3.5 ﾿ Importance of bacteria ﾿ 15

2.3.6 ﾿ Secondary metabolites of fungi ﾿ 15

2.4 ﾿ Aspergillus ﾿ 17

2.5 ﾿ Penicillium ﾿ 18

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 ﾿ Collection of samples ﾿ 20

3.2 ﾿ Isolation of Microorganism from the Gut of Snail ﾿ 20

3.2.1 ﾿ Screening of isolate for antagonism (antimicrobial effect) ﾿ 20

3.2.2 ﾿ Identification and Characterization of isolate ﾿ 21

3.3 ﾿ BIOCHEMICAL TESTS ﾿ 21

3..3.1 ﾿ Gram Staining ﾿ 22

3.3.2 ﾿ Catalase Test ﾿ 22

3.3.3 ﾿ Indole Test ﾿ 22

3.3.4 ﾿ Citrate Utilization Test ﾿ 22

3.3.5 ﾿ Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) Production Test ﾿ 22

3.3.6 ﾿ Oxidase Test ﾿ 23

3.3.7 ﾿ Starch Hydrolysis ﾿ 23

3.4. ﾿ Antifungal Screening ﾿ 24

3.5 ﾿ Agar well diffusion method ﾿ 24

3.6 ﾿ Measuring zone of inhibition ﾿ 24

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 ﾿ RESULTS ﾿ 26

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 5.1 ﾿ Discussion ﾿ 30 ﾿

5.2 ﾿ Conclusion ﾿ 32

REFERENCES

APPENDIX